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EDITORIAL Creating testable questions in practical conservation: a process and 100 questions

Based on: Sutherland W.J., Robinson J.M., Aldridge D.C., Alamenciak T., Armes M., Baranduin N., Bladon A.J., Breed M.F., Dyas N., Elphick C.S., Griffiths R.A., Hughes J., Middleton B., Littlewood N.A., Mitchell R., Morgan W.H., Mosley R., Petrovan S.O., Prendergast K., Ritchie E.G., Raven H., Smith R.K., Watts S.H. & Thornton A. (2022).

Effectiveness of actions intended to achieve a voluntary transition from the use of lead to non-lead shotgun ammunition for hunting in Britain

Based on: Green R.E., Taggart M.A., Pain D.J., Clark N.A., Clewley L., Cromie R., Dodd S.G., Elliot B., Green R.M.W., Huntley B., Huntley J., Pap S., Porter R., Robinson J.A., Sheldon R., Smith K.W., Smith L., Spencer J. & Stroud D. (2022).

Flashing lights to deter small stock depredation in communal farmlands of Namibia

Based on: Verschueren S., Torres-Uribe C., Briers-Louw W.D., Fleury B., Cristescu B. & Marker L. (2021).

Effect of a joint policy statement by nine UK shooting and rural organisations on the use of lead shotgun ammunition for hunting common pheasants Phasianus colchicus in Britain

Based on: Green R.E., Taggart M.A., Pain D.J., Clark N.A., Clewley L., Cromie R., Elliot B., Green R.M.W., Huntley B., Huntley J., Leslie R., Porter R., Robinson J.A., Smith K.W., Smith L., Spencer J. & Stroud D. (2021).

Autumn electrofishing reduces harm to Ontario (Canada) stream fishes collected during watershed health monitoring

Based on: Reid S.M. & LeBaron A. (2021).

Comparing post-release cover and burrow use by differentially head-started Mojave desert tortoises in southern California

Based on: McGovern P.A., Peaden J.M., Buhlmann K.A., Todd B.D. & Tuberville T.D. (2021).

Replicating natural topography on marine artificial structures - a novel approach to eco-engineering

Based on: Evans A.J., Lawrence P.J., Natanzi A.S., Moore P.J., Davies A.J., Crowe T.P., McNally C., Thompson B., Dozier A.E. & Brooks P.R. (2021).

Control of meadowsweet Filipendula ulmaria through a change of management from grazing to mowing at an English floodplain meadow.

Based on: George L., Rothero E.C., Tatarenko I., Wallace H., Dodd M., Reed N., Fleckney A., Bellamy G. & Gowing D. (2021).

Effect of height and colour of bee bricks on nesting occupancy of bees and wasps in SW England

Based on: Shaw R.F., Christman K.P., Crookes R., Gilbert C.N. & Osborne J.L. (2021).

Influence of concrete properties on the initial biological colonisation of marine artificial structures

Based on: Natanzi A.S., Thompson B.J., Brooks P.R., Crowe T.P. & McNally C. (2021).

Benthic community establishment on different concrete mixtures introduced to a German deep-water port

Based on: Becker L.R., Kröncke I., Ehrenberg A., Feldrappe V. & Bischof K. (2021).

Optimisation of 3D printed concrete for artificial reefs: biofouling and mechanical analysis

Based on: Ly O., Yoris-Nobile A.I., Sebaibi N., Blanco-Fernandez E., Boutouil M., Castro-Fresno D., Hall A.E., Herbert R.J.H., Deboucha W., Reis B., Franco J.N., Borges M.T., Sousa-Pinto I., van der Linden P. & Stafford R. (2021).

Evidence of widespread illegal hunting of waterfowl in England despite partial regulation of the use of lead shotgun ammunition

Based on: Stroud D., Pain D.J. & Green R.E. (2021).

Using Dartmoor ponies in conservation grazing to reduce Molinia caerulea dominance and encourage germination of Calluna vulgaris in heathland vegetation on Dartmoor, UK

Based on: Lunt P.H., Leigh J.L., McNeil S.A. & Gibb M.J. (2021).

Making seawalls multifunctional: the positive effects of seeded bivalves and habitat structure on species diversity and filtration rates

Based on: Vozzo M.L., Mayer-Pinto M., Bishop M.J., Cumbo V.R., Bugnot A.B., Dafforn K.A., Johnston E.L., Steinberg P.D. & Strain E.M.A. (2021).

A global analysis of complexity-biodiversity relationships on marine artificial structures

Based on: Strain E.M.A., Steinberg P.D., Vozzo M., Johnston E.L., Abbiati M., Aguilera M.A., Airoldi L., Aguirre J.D., Ashton G., Bernardi M., Brooks P., Chan B.K.K., Cheah C.B., Chee S.Y., Coutinho R., Crowe T.P., Davey A., Firth L.B., Fraser C., Hanley M.E., Hawkins S.J., Knick K.E., Lau E.T.C., Leung K.M.Y., McKenzie C., Macleod C., Mafanya S., Mancuso F.P., Messano L.V.R., Naval-Xavier L.P.D., Ng T.P.T., O'Shaughnessy K.A., Pattrick P., Perkins M.J., Perkol-Finkel S., Porri F. & et al. (2021).

Drill-cored artificial rock pools can promote biodiversity and enhance community structure on coastal rock revetments at reclaimed coastlines of Penang, Malaysia

Based on: Chee S.Y., Wee J.L.S., Wong C., Yee J.C., Yusup Y. & Mujahid A. (2020).

The use of storm fragments and biodegradable replanting methods allows for a low-impact habitat restoration method of seagrass meadows, in the eastern Aegean Sea

Based on: Ward E. A., Meek S. K., Gordon D. M., Cameron T. C., Steer M. D., Smith D. J., Miliou A. & Tsimpidis T. (2020).

Effectiveness of translocation in mitigating reptile-development conflict in the UK

Based on: Nash D. J., Humphries N. & Griffiths R.A. (2020).

A successful Pacific rat Rattus exulanseradication on tropical Reiono Island (Tetiaroa Atoll, French Polynesia) despite low baiting rates

Based on: Samaniego A., Griffiths R., Gronwald M., Murphy F., Le Rohellec M., Oppel S., Meyer J-Y. & Russell J. C. (2020).

The implementation and effectiveness of bat roost mitigation and compensation measures for Pipistrellus and Myotis spp. and brown long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus) included in building development projects completed between 2006 and 2014 in England and Wales.

Based on: Collins J. H., Ross A. J., Ferguson J. A., Williams C. A. & Langton S.D. (2020).

Methods for creating bare ground on farmland in Hampshire, UK, and their effectiveness at recruiting ground-nesting solitary bees

Based on: Nichols R. N., Holland J. & Goulson D. (2020).

Colonisation of wave power foundations by mobile mega- and macrofauna – a 12 year study

Based on: Bender A., Langhamer O. & Sundberg J. (2020).

Ecological enhancement of coastal engineering structures: passive enhancement techniques

Based on: MacArthur M., Naylor L.A., Hansom J.D. & Burrows M.T. (2020).

Provision of refugia and seeding with native bivalves can enhance biodiversity on vertical seawalls

Based on: Bradford T.E., Astudillo J.C., Lau E.T.C., Perkins M.J., Lo C.C., Li T.C.H., Lam C.S., Ng T.P.T., Strain E.M.A., Steinberg P.D. & Leung K.M.Y. (2020).