Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change season/timing of livestock grazing: freshwater marshes Three studies evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of grazing freshwater marshes in different seasons or at different times. Two studies were in the USA and one was in Canada. In all three studies, the livestock were cattle. VEGETATION COMMUNITY Community composition (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled, before-and-after study of freshwater marshes and wet meadows in the USA reported that plots grazed in the summer and autumn experienced similar changes in overall plant community composition over a year. Relative abundance (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study of ephemeral pools in the USA found that pools grazed in the dry or wet seasons had similar cover of grasses relative to forbs over three years. Overall richness/diversity (1 study): One replicated, site comparison study of freshwater marshes in Canada found that in summer, marshes grazed in the summer/autumn contained more plant genera than marshes grazed in the spring/summer. Native/non-target richness/diversity (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study of ephemeral pools in the USA found that pools grazed in the dry and wet seasons experienced similar changes in native plant richness over three years. VEGETATION ABUNDANCE Overall abundance (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled, before-and-after study of freshwater marshes and wet meadows the USA found that, in three of four habitat types, summer- and autumn-grazed plots experienced similar changes in live vegetation biomass over one year. VEGETATION STRUCTURE Height (1 study): One replicated, site comparison study of freshwater marshes in Canada found that in summer, marshes grazed in the summer/autumn contained taller emergent vegetation than marshes grazed in the spring/summer. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2974https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2974Thu, 25 Mar 2021 14:17:41 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change season/timing of livestock grazing: brackish/salt marshes Two studies evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of grazing brackish/salt marshes in different seasons or at different times. One study was in the USA and one was in the Netherlands. In both studies, the focal livestock were cattle. VEGETATION COMMUNITY Community composition (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled, before-and-after study on a salt marsh in the Netherlands found that plots grazed annually by 0.5 cattle/ha and plots grazed biennially by 1.0 cattle/ha experienced a similar turnover of plant species over six years, and had a similar overall plant community composition after six years. Overall richness/diversity (1 study): The same study found that plots grazed annually by 0.5 cattle/ha and plots grazed biennially by 1.0 cattle/ha experienced similar increases in plant species richness over six years, and had similar species richness after six years. VEGETATION ABUNDANCE Overall abundance (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled, before-and-after study in alkali marshes in the USA found that summer- and autumn-grazed plots experienced similar changes in live vegetation biomass, over one year. Individual species abundance (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled, before-and-after study on a salt marsh in the Netherlands found that grazing annually with 0.5 cattle/ha stimulated greater increases in cover of sea aster Aster tripolium than grazing biennially with 1.0 cattle/ha. There was no significant difference between the grazing regimes for cover of sea couch grass Elytrigia atheria. Vegetation was monitored over six years. VEGETATION STRUCTURECollected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2975https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2975Thu, 25 Mar 2021 14:17:58 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change season/timing of livestock grazing: freshwater swampsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of grazing freshwater swamps in different seasons or at different times.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2976https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2976Thu, 25 Mar 2021 14:18:12 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change season/timing of livestock grazing: brackish/saline swampsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of grazing brackish/saline swamps in different seasons or at different times.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2977https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2977Thu, 25 Mar 2021 14:18:26 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Backfill canals or trenches: freshwater marshes Three studies evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of backfilling canals or trenches in freshwater marshes. All three studies were in the USA. There was overlap in the canals used in two of the studies. VEGETATION COMMUNITY Overall extent (3 studies): Three replicated studies in freshwater marshes in the USA reported coverage of emergent marsh vegetation between 6 months and 25 years after backfilling. All three studies reported that coverage was greater on former spoil areas alongside canals than within the partly filled canal channels. Relative abundance (1 study): One replicated, paired, site comparison study in a freshwater marsh in the USA reported that in levelled former spoil areas alongside backfilled canals, the relative abundance of some key plant species differed from natural marshland. Vegetation was surveyed three years after backfilling. VEGETATION ABUNDANCE   VEGETATION STRUCTURECollected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2987https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2987Thu, 25 Mar 2021 21:10:33 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Backfill canals or trenches: brackish/salt marshes Four studies evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of backfilling canals or trenches in brackish/salt marshes. All four studies were in the USA. There was overlap in the canals used in three of the studies. All studies included some freshwater areas in some analyses, but all results are based predominantly on canals in brackish or saline marshes. VEGETATION COMMUNITY Overall extent (4 studies): One paired, site comparison study in marshes in the USA reported that emergent vegetation coverage was typically lower in backfilled canals, after four years, than in adjacent undisturbed marsh. Three other studies in marshes in the USA simply reported coverage of emergent marsh vegetation between 6 months and 25 years after backfilling canals. All four studies reported that coverage was greater on former spoil areas alongside canals than within the partly filled canal channels. Two of the studies also reported the frequency of submerged/floating vegetation after 6–60 months, and one reported coverage of upland plant species on spoil banks that had not been completely levelled after 6–11 years. Overall richness/diversity (2 studies): One replicated, site comparison study in marshes in the USA reported that former spoil areas alongside backfilled canals had greater plant species richness than nearby natural marsh, due to the presence of upland species on unlevelled areas. One other study of a backfilled canal in predominantly brackish and saline marshes in the USA simply quantified richness of submerged vegetation four years after backfilling. VEGETATION ABUNDANCE   VEGETATION STRUCTURECollected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2988https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2988Thu, 25 Mar 2021 21:10:50 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Backfill canals or trenches: freshwater swampsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of backfilling canals or trenches in freshwater swamps.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2989https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2989Thu, 25 Mar 2021 21:10:54 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change season/timing of vegetation harvest: freshwater marshes Three studies evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of harvesting vegetation from freshwater marshes in different seasons or at different times. There was one study in Switzerland, one in Belgium and one in Japan. VEGETATION COMMUNITY Community composition (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study in wet meadows in Switzerland reported that summer-harvested and winter-harvested plots experienced similar changes in their overall plant community composition, over 3–4 years. Overall richness/diversity (1 study): One replicated, paired, controlled study of wet grasslands in Belgium reported that the effect of a single harvest between June and November on overall plant species richness depended on the month of harvesting. VEGETATION ABUNDANCE Overall abundance (1 study): One replicated, paired, controlled study of wet grasslands in Belgium reported that the effect of a single harvest between June and November on overall vegetation abundance (including litter) depended on the month of harvesting. Individual species abundance (3 studies): All three studies quantified the effect of this action on the abundance of individual plant species. The studies all reported that individual species’ abundances responded differently to harvesting in different seasons. For example, the controlled, before-and-after study in Japan reported that harvesting in June reduced the abundance of common reed Phragmites australis, in the following summer, more than harvesting in July. VEGETATION STRUCTURE Overall structure (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study in wet meadows in Switzerland reported that summer-harvested and winter-harvested plots both experienced a shift in vegetation cover towards lower vegetation layers, over 3–4 years. Diameter/perimeter/area (1 study): The same study reported that summer harvesting and winter harvesting had opposite effects on the diameter of common reed Phragmites australis shoots: they became thinner over four years of summer harvests but thicker over three years of winter harvests. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3005https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3005Wed, 31 Mar 2021 13:33:45 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change season/timing of vegetation harvest: brackish/salt marshesWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of harvesting brackish/salt marshes in different seasons or at different times.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3006https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3006Wed, 31 Mar 2021 13:34:28 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change season/timing of vegetation harvest: freshwater swampsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of harvesting freshwater swamps in different seasons or at different times.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3007https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3007Wed, 31 Mar 2021 13:34:40 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change season/timing of vegetation harvest: brackish/saline swampsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of harvesting brackish/saline swamps in different seasons or at different times.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3008https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3008Wed, 31 Mar 2021 13:34:53 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Build barriers to protect littoral areas from boat wakesWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of building barriers to protect littoral marshes or swamps from boat wakes.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3021https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3021Wed, 31 Mar 2021 14:41:04 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change season/timing of cutting/mowing: freshwater marshes Four studies evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of cutting/mowing freshwater marshes in different seasons or at different times. There was one study in each of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium and Japan. VEGETATION COMMUNITY Community composition (2 studies): Two replicated, randomized, paired, controlled studies in wet meadows in Switzerland and farmland ditches in the Netherlands reported that cutting vegetation in different seasons typically had similar effects on the overall plant community composition, over 1–4 years. Overall richness/diversity (2 studies): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study in farmland ditches in the Netherlands found that marshy areas cut in May and areas cut in November typically contained a similar number of plant species, when surveyed in July. One replicated, paired, controlled study of wet grasslands in Belgium reported that the effect of a single mow between June and November on overall plant species richness depended on the month of mowing. VEGETATION ABUNDANCE Overall abundance (1 study): One replicated, paired, controlled study of wet grasslands in Belgium reported that the effect of a single mow between June and November on overall vegetation abundance (including litter) depended on the month of mowing. Individual species abundance (4 studies): All four studies quantified the effect of this action on the abundance of individual plant species. The studies all reported that the abundance of some plant species responded differently to cutting in different seasons. The controlled, before-and-after study in Japan, for example, reported that cutting in June reduced the abundance of common reed Phragmites australis in the following summer more than cutting in July. VEGETATION STRUCTURE Overall structure (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study in wet meadows in Switzerland reported that summer-mown and winter-mown plots both experienced a shift in vegetation cover towards lower vegetation layers, over 3–4 years. Diameter/perimeter/area (1 study): The same study reported that summer-mowing and winter-mowing had opposite effects on the diameter of common reed Phragmites australis shoots: they became thinner over four years of summer mowing but thicker over three years of winter mowing. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3070https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3070Fri, 02 Apr 2021 13:38:46 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change season/timing of cutting/mowing: brackish/salt marshesWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of cutting/mowing brackish/salt marshes in different seasons or at different times.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3071https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3071Fri, 02 Apr 2021 13:41:04 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change season/timing of prescribed burning: freshwater marshes One study evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of burning freshwater marshes in different seasons or at different times. The study was in the USA. VEGETATION COMMUNITY Overall richness/diversity (1 study): One replicated, randomized, controlled study in a marsh in the USA found that spring-burned plots had greater plant species richness than summer-burned plots, at the end of the growing season. VEGETATION ABUNDANCE Overall abundance (1 study): One replicated, randomized, controlled study in a marsh in the USA found that spring-burned plots had greater overall vegetation cover than summer-burned plots, at the end of the growing season. Individual species abundance (1 study): The same study reported that the cover and frequency of some individual plant species responded differently to spring vs summer burning. VEGETATION STRUCTURECollected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3074https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3074Fri, 02 Apr 2021 14:45:30 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change season/timing of prescribed burning: brackish/salt marshesWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of burning brackish/salt marshes in different seasons or at different times.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3075https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3075Fri, 02 Apr 2021 14:45:47 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change season/timing of prescribed burning: freshwater swampsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of burning freshwater swamps in different seasons or at different times.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3076https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3076Fri, 02 Apr 2021 14:46:01 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Change season/timing of prescribed burning: brackish/saline swampsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of burning brackish/saline swamps in different seasons or at different times.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3077https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3077Fri, 02 Apr 2021 14:46:19 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Build fire breaksWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on marsh/swamp vegetation, of building fire breaks to protect these habitats.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3080https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3080Fri, 02 Apr 2021 16:58:00 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Build barriers to protect littoral freshwater marshes from rising water levels and severe weatherWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of building barriers to protect littoral freshwater marshes from rising water levels and severe weather.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3181https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3181Tue, 06 Apr 2021 16:13:34 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Build barriers to protect littoral brackish/salt marshes from rising water levels and severe weather Five studies evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of building barriers to protect littoral brackish/salt marshes from rising water levels and severe weather. Three studies were in the USA, one was in Italy and one was in the Netherlands. VEGETATION COMMUNITY Overall extent (3 studies): Two controlled studies (one also replicated, randomized, paired) in Italy and the USA found that protecting salt marshes with offshore structures had no significant effect on the seaward limit of emergent vegetation, after 17–27 months. It was similar, or retreated at a similar rate, in protected and unprotected marshes. One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study in the USA found that brackish marshes protected with oyster shell reefs receded less, over one year, than unprotected marshes. Community composition (1 study): One replicated, site comparison study in the Netherlands reported that marshes protected with low sea walls had a similar overall plant community composition to nearby natural salt marshes, 15–22 years after the walls were built. Overall richness/diversity (2 studies): One controlled study in Italy reported that a salt marsh protected with an offshore fence contained more plant species, after 17 months, than an unfenced marsh. One replicated, site comparison study in the Netherlands recorded 85 plant and algal species across two salt marshes that had developed behind low sea walls, over 15–22 years, compared to 155 species recorded across multiple natural marshes in the region. VEGETATION ABUNDANCE Overall abundance (2 studies): Two controlled studies (one also replicated, randomized, paired) in Italy and the USA found that brackish/salt marshes protected with offshore structures contained a similar total amount of vegetation to unprotected marshes. This was true for cover and biomass. Individual species abundance (2 studies): One replicated, paired, site comparison study in the USA found that salt marshes protected with offshore breakwaters (and planted with cordgrasses Spartina spp.) typically contained less smooth cordgrass S. alterniflora, after 2–3 growing seasons, than nearby natural marshes. One replicated, site comparison study in the Netherlands reported that in marshes protected with low sea walls for 15–22 years and nearby natural salt marshes, the same plant species were the most frequent. VEGETATION STRUCTURE Height (1 study): One replicated, paired, site comparison study in the USA found that salt marshes protected with offshore breakwaters (and planted with cordgrasses Spartina spp.) contained shorter smooth cordgrass S. alterniflora plants, after 2–3 growing seasons, than nearby natural marshes. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3182https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3182Tue, 06 Apr 2021 16:13:45 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Build barriers to protect littoral freshwater swamps from rising water levels and severe weatherWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of building barriers to protect littoral freshwater swamps from rising water levels and severe weather.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3183https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3183Tue, 06 Apr 2021 16:13:55 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Build barriers to protect littoral brackish/saline swamps from rising water levels and severe weatherWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of building barriers to protect littoral brackish/saline swamps from rising water levels and severe weather.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3184https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3184Tue, 06 Apr 2021 16:14:06 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Bury surface soil/sedimentWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of burying surface soil/sediment to restore/create marshes or swamps.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3225https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3225Fri, 09 Apr 2021 14:03:37 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Bury surface soil/sediment (before planting)We found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of burying surface soil/sediment before planting emergent marsh/swamp plants.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3291https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3291Sat, 10 Apr 2021 20:05:00 +0100
What Works 2021 cover

What Works in Conservation

What Works in Conservation provides expert assessments of the effectiveness of actions, based on summarised evidence, in synopses. Subjects covered so far include amphibians, birds, mammals, forests, peatland and control of freshwater invasive species. More are in progress.

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