Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Hide food in containers (including boxes and bags) Two before-and-after studies in the USA and Ireland found that the addition of browse to food in boxes, baskets or tubes increased activity levels and foraging behaviours in lemurs and gibbons. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1316https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1316Wed, 12 Oct 2016 14:28:15 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Add gum solutions to drilled hollow feeders No evidence was captured for the effects of adding gum solutions to drilled hollow feeders for primates. 'No evidence' for an action means we have not yet found any studies that directly and quantitatively tested this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1326https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1326Wed, 12 Oct 2016 15:45:27 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Formulate diet to reflect nutritional composition of wild foods (including removal of domestic fruits) One before-and-after study in the USA found that replacing milk with fruit juice in gorilla diets led to a decrease in regurgitation and reingestion. One replicated, before-and-after study in the UK found that when lemurs were fed a fruit-free diet aggression and self-directed behaviour were lower.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1329https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1329Thu, 13 Oct 2016 08:27:19 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Change the number of feeds per day Two before-and-after studies in Japan and the USA found that when the number of feeds per day were increased the amount of time spent feeding increased in chimpanzees, but hair eating also increased in baboons.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1337https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1337Thu, 13 Oct 2016 08:44:38 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Change feeding times One replicated, controlled study in the USA found that when chimpanzees were fed on unpredictable schedules inactivity decreased.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1338https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1338Thu, 13 Oct 2016 08:46:57 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Feed individuals separately No evidence was captured for the effects of feeding individual primates separately 'No evidence' for an action means we have not yet found any studies that directly and quantitatively tested this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1342https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1342Thu, 13 Oct 2016 08:52:35 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Feed individuals in social groups One replicated, controlled study in the USA reported that an enrichment task took less time to complete when monkeys were in social groups than when feeding alone. One before-and-after study in Italy found that in the presence of their groupmates monkeys ate more unfamiliar foods during the first encounter.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1343https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1343Thu, 13 Oct 2016 08:56:07 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Feed individuals in subgroups No evidence was captured for the effects of feeding individual primates in subgroups. 'No evidence' for an action means we have not yet found any studies that directly and quantitatively tested this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1344https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1344Thu, 13 Oct 2016 08:57:29 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Provide bones, hides or partial carcasses One replicated, before-and-after study in the USA and one replicated, controlled study in Finland found that the provision of bones decreased the frequency of stereotypic behaviours in lions, tigers and Arctic foxes. Two replicated, before-and-after studies of felids and red foxes in the USA and Norway found that the provision of bones increased activity and manipulation time. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1902https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1902Wed, 24 Jan 2018 10:01:34 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Provide food on a random temporal schedule Three replicated, before-and-after studies in Switzerland, Ireland and Canada, UK, Ireland, Namibia and South Africa and one replicated, controlled study in Ireland found that an unpredictable feeding schedule reduced the frequency of stereotypic pacing behaviours in tigers and cheetahs. One replicated, before-and-after controlled study in the USA found that an unpredictable feeding schedule increased territorial behaviour in coyotes but did not affect travelling or foraging. Two before-and-after studies in Switzerland and the USA found that an unpredictable feeding schedule increased behavioural diversity in red foxes and alertness in a black-footed cat. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1904https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1904Wed, 24 Jan 2018 10:20:46 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Supplement meat-based diets with prebiotic plant material to facilitate digestion One replicated, before-and-after study in India found that providing Jerusalem artichoke as a supplement increased two types of gut microbiota, faecal scores and faecal moisture content in leopards. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1905https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1905Wed, 24 Jan 2018 10:37:54 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Supplement meat-based diet with vitamins or minerals No evidence was captured for the effect of supplementing meat-based diets with vitamins or minerals on captive carnivores. 'No evidence' for an action means we have not yet found any studies that directly and quantitatively tested this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1907https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1907Wed, 24 Jan 2018 10:39:15 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Supplement meat-based diet with amino acids One replicated, before-and-after study in the USA found that supplementing an animal-protein diet with taurine, increased plasma taurine levels in maned wolves. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1908https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1908Wed, 24 Jan 2018 10:40:59 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Supplement meat-based diet with fatty acids No evidence was captured for the evidence of supplementing diets with fatty acids on captive carnivores. 'No evidence' for an action means we have not yet found any studies that directly and quantitatively tested this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1909https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1909Wed, 24 Jan 2018 10:42:24 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Provide food during natural active periods No evidence was captured for the effects of providing food during natural active periods. 'No evidence' for an action means we have not yet found any studies that directly and quantitatively tested this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1911https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1911Wed, 24 Jan 2018 10:43:17 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Use of automated feeders No evidence was captured for the effects of using automated feeders on captive carnivores. 'No evidence' for an action means we have not yet found any studies that directly and quantitatively tested this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1913https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1913Wed, 24 Jan 2018 10:44:47 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Provide food during visitor experiences No evidence was captured for the effects of feeding during visitor experiences on captive carnivores. 'No evidence' for an action means we have not yet found any studies that directly and quantitatively tested this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1916https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1916Wed, 24 Jan 2018 10:48:57 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Scatter food around enclosure One replicated, before-and-after study in Brazil found that scattered feeding increased locomotion in maned wolves. One replicated study in Brazil found that maned wolves spent more time in the section of their enclosure with scattered food than in a section with food on a tray. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1921https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1921Wed, 24 Jan 2018 11:42:29 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Present food in/on water No evidence was captured on the effects of presenting food in/on water on captive carnivores. 'No evidence' for an action means we have not yet found any studies that directly and quantitatively tested this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1922https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1922Wed, 24 Jan 2018 11:46:32 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Present food frozen in ice Two replicated, before-and-after studies in the USA found that when presented with food frozen in ice, abnormal or stereotypic behaviours decreased and activity levels increased in bears and felids. One replicated, before-and-after study in the USA found that manipulation behaviours increased in lions, whereas a replicated study in the USA found that manipulation behaviours decreased in grizzly bears. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1923https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1923Wed, 24 Jan 2018 11:51:02 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Present food inside objects (e.g. Boomer balls) Two before-and-after studies in Germany and India found that exploratory and foraging behaviours increased and stereotypic behaviours decreased in sloth bears and spectacled bears when presented with food inside objects. One before-and-after study in the USA found that exploring/foraging behaviours decreased in a sloth bear when presented with food inside objects. One replicated study in the USA found that grizzly bears spent a similar time manipulating food in a box and freely available food. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1924https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1924Wed, 24 Jan 2018 12:13:36 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Provide live vertebrate prey One before-and-after study in the USA found that hunting behaviour increased and sleeping decreased when a fishing cat was provided with live fish. One replicated, before-and-after study in the USA found that there was no change in the occurrence of stereotypical behaviours in tigers when provided with live fish. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1925https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1925Wed, 24 Jan 2018 12:15:15 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Provide live invertebrate prey, including in feeding devices One replicated study in the USA found that provision of live prey increased explorative behaviours in fennec foxes compared to other types of enrichment. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1926https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1926Wed, 24 Jan 2018 12:19:57 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Provide devices to simulate live prey, including sounds, lures, pulleys and bungees Two before-and-after studies in the USA and the UK found that activity levels and behavioural diversity increased in felids when presented with a lure or pulley system. One replicated, before-and-after study in the USA found that pacing behaviour decreased and walking increased in cougars, but pacing initially increased in tigers, when provided with a carcass on a bungee. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1927https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1927Wed, 24 Jan 2018 12:29:30 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Use food as a reward in animal training No evidence was captured for the effects of using food as a reward in animal training on captive carnivores. 'No evidence' for an action means we have not yet found any studies that directly and quantitatively tested this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1928https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1928Wed, 24 Jan 2018 12:35:13 +0000
What Works 2021 cover

What Works in Conservation

What Works in Conservation provides expert assessments of the effectiveness of actions, based on summarised evidence, in synopses. Subjects covered so far include amphibians, birds, mammals, forests, peatland and control of freshwater invasive species. More are in progress.

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