Conservation Evidence: Evidence Data

Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use of probiotics and immunostimulants One replicated study in Scotland found increased survival in salmon fed a probiotic before exposure to four different disease-causing bacteria over a 28 day period compared with controls. A replicated, controlled study in Norway found the number of salmon infected with lice was reduced by 28% when fed a diet composed of fish meal and 28% plant-based protein. Adding beta-glucans to the diet decreased lice infection levels by a further 28% compared with controls. The same study found the addition of mannan oligosaccharides improved gut function by preventing the development of soybean-induced enteritis compared with controls. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F732https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F732Mon, 03 Jun 2013 11:14:24 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use vaccinations Two controlled studies from Iceland and Norway found higher survival rates in vaccinated salmon compared to unvaccinated control groups. This was post exposure to the disease-causing bacteria, Aeromonas salmonicida spp.achromogenes and Yersinia ruckeri, respectively. Two controlled studies in Australia and Canadia reported higher survival in salmon infected with marine flexibacteriosis and bacterial kidney disease, post vaccination. Two controlled studies in Norway reported similar results for salmon vaccinated against infectious salmon anaemia. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F733https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F733Mon, 03 Jun 2013 14:33:01 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Breed for resistance traits A replicated, controlled study in Norway found increased survival levels in salmon exposed to infectious pancreatic necrosis when the family was bred for high resistance to the disease compared to a family bred for low resistance to the disease. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F735https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F735Mon, 03 Jun 2013 15:17:27 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use natural control agents: cleaner wrasse Two studies in Ireland found mixed effects of cleaner wrasse on sea lice numbers infesting salmon. One controlled study found corkwing and goldskinny cleaner wrasse were as effective at controlling lice infestation as chemical treatments. One replicated, controlled study found rockcook cleaner wrasse were ineffective at preventing lice outbreaks. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F738https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F738Mon, 03 Jun 2013 15:28:00 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Bathe in freshwater Two studies in Australia provide mixed evidence of the effect of freshwater bathing to reducing amoebic gill disease. One study found a reduction in numbers of amoebae on salmon gills persisting for up to 10 days after bathing. One replicated, controlled study found similar levels of amoebae in the gills of treated and untreated salmon. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F739https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F739Mon, 03 Jun 2013 15:31:45 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Aerobic training A randomised, replicated, controlled study in Norway found higher survival rates in salmon exposed to infectious pancreatic necrosis if they had undergone aerobic training. Interval training was more effective than continuous training. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F740https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F740Mon, 03 Jun 2013 15:39:10 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Alter lighting A replicated, controlled study in Norway reported lower numbers of lice on salmon kept in low intensity artificial light or natural lighting. The more intense the artificial light was, the higher the number of lice found on fish. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F741https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F741Mon, 03 Jun 2013 15:41:00 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Alter cage size A replicated study in Australia recorded lower levels of amoebic gill disease in salmon kept within larger compared to smaller cages. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F742https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F742Mon, 03 Jun 2013 15:46:43 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Reduce fish meal in diet Two replicated studies in Norway found similar final weights in salmon that were fed diets containing low, medium or high levels of fish meal. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F915https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F915Fri, 25 Oct 2013 12:26:12 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use an alternative protein source: krill Two replicated studies in Norway found similar final weight gain between salmon that were fed diets containing fish meal only or a krill meal substitute. When the krill were de-shelled, growth rates were closer to salmon fed fish meal, compared to leaving the krill whole. Feed conversion ratios were found to be similar in both the fish meal and krill meal diets. The number of aerobic bacteria in the hindgut of salmon fed fish meal and krill meal were higher and composition of the bacterial flora was different. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F916https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F916Fri, 25 Oct 2013 13:04:28 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use an alternative protein source: bacteria Evidence for the effects of replacing fish meal with bacterial protein is mixed. Two replicated, controlled studies in Norway found similar growth rates in salmon fed either a 100% fish meal (control) diet or experimental diets containing up to 25% bacterial protein to replace fish meal. In the diet containing 50% bacterial protein, growth rates were lower compared to the control. Another replicated, controlled study in Norway reported higher growth rates in salmon that were fed diets containing 18% and 36% bacterial protein compared to the control or a diet containing 4.5% bacterial protein. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F918https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F918Fri, 25 Oct 2013 13:10:39 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use an alternative protein source: yeast One replicated, controlled experiment in Norway found no differences in weight between Atlantic salmon that were fed diets containing the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica compared to a control diet containing fishmeal. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F920https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F920Fri, 25 Oct 2013 13:13:26 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use an alternative protein source: animal One controlled, replicated study in Canada found no difference in oxygen consumption or swimming speed of Atlantic salmon that were fed diets containing anchovy oil or alternative lipid sources. One controlled, randomised, replicated study from Scotland showed that fish fed a fishmeal diet weighed more than fish fed diets with alternative proteins. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F922https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F922Fri, 25 Oct 2013 13:16:53 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use an alternative protein source: plant-based Six studies (four replicated, controlled) in Norway, Scotland and the USA found that inclusion of plant-based proteins within feed led to decreased growth rates in salmon. Three replicated and/or controlled studies from Norway, Canada and Scotland found similar growth rates in salmon fed either plant-based or fish meal diets. Four replicated, controlled studies (three randomised) from Norway and Scotland found reduced final body weights in salmon fed plant-based protein diets compared to fish meal-based diets. Two controlled studies (one replicated) from Norway found similar final body weights in salmon fed either plant-based or fish meal diets. Two replicated, controlled studies (one randomised) from Norway found lowered levels of feeding efficiency, whereas a replicated study in Norway found increased levels of feeding efficiency in salmon fed plant-based protein diets compared to fish meal diets. Two replicated studies (one controlled) in Canada and Scotland study found similar levels of feeding efficiency across both diet types. Digestibility of feed components by salmon was found to be lower in two replicated, controlled studies when the diets contained plant proteins compared to fish meal. Similar levels of digestibility across both diet types were identified by two randomised, replicated, controlled studies in Scotland and Norway. Two of the studies found that survival rates and appetite were not affected by plant- or fish meal-based protein diets. However morphology of the distal intestine was altered in two randomised, replicated, controlled studies where salmon were fed diets containing plant-based proteins. Condition of the salmon was increased in plant-based protein diets in one randomised, replicated, controlled study but reduced in two other replicated studies. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F924https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F924Fri, 25 Oct 2013 13:26:05 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use an alternative oil source: plant-based Three replicated studies (two controlled) in Norway found growth rates were similar in salmon that were fed diets containing fish oil and vegetable oil. One replicated study in Norway found growth rates were higher in fish fed diets containing vegetable oil. One replicated, controlled study found salmon growth rates were both lower and higher in vegetable oil diets compared to fish oil diets, dependant on family genetics. Two replicated studies (one controlled) in Norway found similar average final body weights between groups of salmon fed both fish oil and vegetable oil diets. Three studies (two replicated, one controlled) in Norway and Scotland found that the fatty acid profile of salmon flesh reflected oil source within diets. A study in Norway found that oil source in diets did not affect salmon broodstock fecundity levels, egg weights, fertility rates, as well as the weights and development of resultant fry. One replicated Norwegian study found that salmon fed vegetable oil diets had high liver lipid and low plasma lipoprotein compared to the fish oil diet. One replicated, controlled study found high levels of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids compared to diets containing rapeseed oil. A replicated, controlled study in Scotland found salmon fed vegetable oil-based diets had lower concentrations of dioxin and polychlorinated biphenyls within flesh, compared with diets containing fish oil. A replicated study in Norway found that fresh, frozen and smoked salmon flesh from fish fed vegetable oil- and fish oil-based diets had similar levels of gaping, texture and liquid holding capacity. Pigment concentration was lower in vegetable oil diets. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F926https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F926Fri, 25 Oct 2013 13:39:14 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use genetically modified alternatives Three controlled, replicated (two randomised) studies in Norway found no difference in growth rate of Atlantic salmon that were fed diets containing either GM or non-GM soybeans. One randomised, replicated, controlled study in Norway found no differences in fish fed diets containing either GM or non- GM soybeans on the histology of the fish. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F928https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F928Fri, 25 Oct 2013 13:50:59 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use supplements A controlled, replicated study in Australia found no difference in weight gain of Atlantic salmon with and without dietary supplementation of phytase and phosphate. One controlled, replicated study in Australia fish fed diets supplemented with phytase had greater final weights than those given no supplement. A controlled, replicated study in Norway found no difference in weight gain of salmon that were fed diets with or without taurine supplementation. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F930https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F930Fri, 25 Oct 2013 13:54:06 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Integrated aquaculture systems One replicated, controlled study in the USA reported greater growth of scallops grown next to fish farms. A study in Canada found that blue mussels absorbed waste from a salmon farm. A replicated, controlled study in Scotland reported enhanced algal growth when placed adjacent to fish farms. One study in Spain found no evidence that oyster and mussels were feeding on fish farm waste. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F932https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F932Fri, 25 Oct 2013 13:57:09 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Construct artificial reefs One controlled study in the Red Sea found no difference in sediment carbon at artificial reef sites adjacent to or away from fish farms. Another publication from the same controlled study reports that the artificial reefs at both sites were colonised with various species with the potential to remove organic compounds from fish farm effluents. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F934https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F934Fri, 25 Oct 2013 14:01:17 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Eco friendly biofouling prevention A replicated, controlled study in Australia found silicon coated nets accumulated less biofouling organisms which could be more easily removed than untreated nets. Two replicated, controlled trials found that a temperature of 50oC prevented the settlement of actinulae and hydroids on nets Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F937https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F937Fri, 25 Oct 2013 15:24:13 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Domestication: sterility/triploidy A controlled, replicated study in Ireland found reduced return of stock but similar weight, length and condition of triploid salmon compared with diploid salmon. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F939https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F939Fri, 25 Oct 2013 15:26:15 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Dry sludge in beds Two replicated trials in Canada found sludge drying beds removed phosphorus from freshwater fish farm sludge. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F943https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F943Mon, 28 Oct 2013 12:43:08 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use exclusion nets A replicated, controlled trial in Australia found higher levels of sediment carbon at stocked cages with exclusion nets compared to cages without exclusion nets. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F945https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F945Mon, 28 Oct 2013 12:45:50 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Establish fallowing to reduce parasites/diseaseA study in Scotland recorded lower lice numbers on Atlantic salmon in cages using a fallowing system. Another study in Australia found no difference in mortality from Amoebic Gill Disease in cages where a fallowing system had been used.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1026https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1026Wed, 18 Jun 2014 14:41:41 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Establish fallowing to reduce pollutionA trial in Tasmania found sediment community structure under Atlantic salmon cages became more similar to non- impacted sites over two fallowing cycles.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1027https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1027Wed, 18 Jun 2014 14:45:25 +0100