Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use prescribed burning on coastal habitats Of three studies captured, one replicated, controlled, paired sites study from the USA found that there was a fall in breeding seaside sparrow numbers on a burned site in the year it was burned. The next year, numbers were higher than on an unburned site. A controlled study in Argentina found that tall-grass specialist species were lost from burned areas in the year of burning, but that some habitats recovered by the following year. A replicated controlled study from the USA found no differences in nest predation rates between burned and unburned areas for two years after burning.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F323https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F323Thu, 26 Jul 2012 16:24:19 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use fire suppression/control Two out of three before-and-after studies, from Australia and the UK, found that five species of bird (including noisy scrub-bird, the target species of one study) increased following fire suppression measures. A before-and-after study in the USA found that open habitat species declined in a pine forest site after fire exclusion, whilst mesic woodland species appeared. A before-and-after study from the UK found that five bird species declined following fire suppression.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F324https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F324Thu, 26 Jul 2012 16:35:35 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Coppice trees Of three studies, one, a before-and-after study in the UK found that a population of European nightjars increased following a series of management interventions, including the coppicing of some birch trees. Two before-and-after studies from the UK and the USA found that the use of coppices by some bird species declined over time. The UK study also found that overall species richness decreased with age, but that some species were more abundant in older stands.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F329https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F329Fri, 27 Jul 2012 14:58:36 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Manage woodland edges for birds We captured three studies of two experiments, of which one, a before-and-after study from the UK, found an increase in the local population of European nightjars following several management interventions, including the management of woodland edges for birds. Two studies of a replicated, controlled paired sites experiment in the USA found that bird abundances were higher in woodland edges with border-edge cuts and that predation on artificial nests was lower than in uncut edges. Scrub- and edge-nesting species were more abundant. Overall species richness and nest success did not differ different between treatments.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F334https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F334Sat, 28 Jul 2012 14:12:39 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Mow or cut reedbeds Of three studies captured, one controlled study from the Netherlands found that warblers nested at lower densities in cut areas of reeds. Productivity and success did not vary between treatments. An unreplicated study from Denmark found that geese grazed at the highest densities on reedbeds cut 5–12 years previously. One replicated study investigated changing water levels in addition to cutting reeds in the UK and found that management did not affect great bittern breeding productivity but did appear to delay territory establishment.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F340https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F340Sat, 28 Jul 2012 20:15:58 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Reduce predation by translocating predatorsTwo studies from France and the USA found local population increases or reduced predationfollowing the translocation of predators away from an area.  A study in Saudi Arabia found that predation was no lower when predators were translocated from the bird release site.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F393https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F393Thu, 09 Aug 2012 13:39:34 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use supplementary feeding to reduce predation A controlled cross-over experiment from the UK found that there was no difference in grouse adult survival or productivity when supplementary food was provided to hen harrier Circus cyaneus compared to in control areas. This study and another from the USA that used artificial nests found that nest predation rates were reduced in areas when supplementary food was provided to predators. A second study from the USA found no such effect.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F417https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F417Thu, 16 Aug 2012 15:42:26 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Reduce inter-specific competition for nest sites of songbirds by removing competitor species Two studies from Australia found increases in bird populations and species richness after the control of noisy miners Manorina melanocephala – a native but hyper-competitive species. A controlled study from Italy found that blue tits Parus caeruleus nested in more nest boxes when hazel dormice Muscardinus avellanarius were excluded from nest boxes over winter.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F424https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F424Fri, 17 Aug 2012 17:28:29 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Remove eggs from wild nests to increase reproductive output A replicated study from Mauritius found that harvesting entire clutches appeared to increase Mauritius kestrels Falco punctatus productivity more effectively than removing individual eggs as they were laid. A replicated study over 30 years in Canada (Kuyt 1996) found that wild whooping cranes Grus americana reproductive success was higher for nests with one or two eggs removed than for control nests. A single study from the USA found that removing bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus eggs from wild nests for hand-rearing did not appear to greatly affect the wild population.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F477https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F477Thu, 30 Aug 2012 13:27:46 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide artificial nesting sites for wildfowl using artificial/floating islands Two studies from North America found that a variety of wildfowl used artificial islands and floating rafts, and had high (70–80%) nesting success. A replicated study from across the UK found that wildfowl preferentially nested on well vegetated islands, compared to bare ones.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F483https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F483Sat, 01 Sep 2012 16:49:16 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide nesting habitat for birds that is safe from extreme weather A small from New Zealand found Chatham Island oystercatchers Haematopus chathamensis used raised nest platforms made from car tyres (designed to raise nests above the level of storm surges). The success of these nests is not reported. Two replicated, controlled studies from the USA found that the nesting success of terns and waders was no higher on specially raised areas of nesting substrate, compared to unraised areas, with one study finding that a similar proportion of nests were lost to flooding in raised and unraised areas.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F504https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F504Thu, 06 Sep 2012 13:55:55 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Foster eggs or chicks of waders with wild conspecifics Two small trials in North America found that piping plovers Charadrius melodus accepted chicks introduced into their broods, although in one case the chick died later the same day. A replicated study from New Zealand found that survival of fostered black stilts Himantopus novasezelandiae was higher for birds fostered to conspecifics rather than a closely related species.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F508https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F508Thu, 06 Sep 2012 14:30:39 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Foster eggs or chicks of woodpeckers with wild conspecifics Three studies from the USA found that red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis chicks fostered to conspecifics had high fledging rates. One small study found that fostered chicks survived better than chicks translocated with their parents.    Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F514https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F514Thu, 06 Sep 2012 16:29:20 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for auks to increase reproductive success Two replicated and controlled studies from the UK found that Atlantic puffin Fratercula arctica chicks provided with supplementary food were significantly heavier than control chicks. One study found differences between populations, suggesting some are more food-limited than others. The two UK studies found that fed chicks fledged at the same time as controls, whilst a randomised, replicated and controlled study from Canada found that tufted puffin Fratercula cirrhata chicks supplied with supplementary food fledged later than controls. The Canadian study found that fed chicks had faster growth by some, but not all, metrics.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F524https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F524Sat, 08 Sep 2012 13:32:31 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for parrots to increase reproductive success Two studies from New Zealand found some evidence that providing supplementary food for kakapos Strigopus habroptilus increased the number of breeding attempts made, whilst a third study found that birds provided with specially-formulated pellets appeared to have larger clutches than those fed on nuts. One study found no evidence that providing food increased the number of nesting attempts.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F536https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F536Sun, 09 Sep 2012 19:43:26 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for vultures to increase adult survival A before-and-after study from Spain found a large increase in griffon vulture Gyps fulvus population in the study area following multiple interventions including supplementary feeding. Two studies from the USA and Israel found that Californian condors Gymnogyps californianus and Egyptian vultures Neophron percnopterus fed on many of the carcasses provided for them. The Egyptian vultures were sometimes dominated by larger species at a feeding station supplied twice a month, but not at one supplied every day.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F545https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F545Sun, 16 Sep 2012 09:10:04 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for woodpeckers to increase adult survival One replicated, controlled study from the USA found that 12 female downy woodpeckers Picoides pubescens supplied with supplementary food had higher nutritional statuses than unfed birds. However, two analyses of a replicated, controlled study of 378 downy woodpeckers from the USA found that they did not have higher survival rates or nutritional statuses than unfed birds.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F551https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F551Sun, 16 Sep 2012 09:42:41 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Can supplementary feeding increase predation or parasitism? A replicated, controlled study in the USA found that providing seeds in predictable areas did not increase predation on seven species of songbird. A replicated and controlled trial in Spain found higher levels of potentially dangerous gut microflora when fed on livestock carrion, compared to those fed on wild rabbits. A replicated study in Spain found higher levels of predation on artificial nests close to carcasses provided for vultures.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F554https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F554Sat, 22 Sep 2012 20:37:07 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Translocate petrels and shearwatersTwo studies from Australia and one from New Zealand found that colonies of burrow-nesting Procellariiformes were successfully established on two islands, and in uninhabited areas of another following the translocation and hand-rearing of chicks.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F568https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F568Sun, 30 Sep 2012 12:54:24 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Translocate rails Three reviews of two translocation programmes in the Seychelles and New Zealand found high survival amongst translocated rails. All studies found that translocated birds bred successfully, although one found that translocated takahe Porphyrio hochstetteri had lower reproductive success than birds in the source population. The other New Zealand study found no differences in breeding success between recently and formerly translocated takahe.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F573https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F573Sun, 30 Sep 2012 13:58:55 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use captive breeding to increase or maintain populations of songbirds A replicated study from Australia and two small studies from the USA found that three species of songbird were successfully bred in captivity. Four out of five pairs of wild-bred, hand-reared puaiohi, Myadestes palmeri, formed pairs and laid a total of 39 eggs in 1998 and a breeding population of helmeted honeyeaters, Lichenostomus melanops cassidix, was successfully established through a breeding programme. Only one pair of loggerhead shrikes, Lanius ludovicianus, formed pairs from eight wild birds caught and their first clutch died.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F598https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F598Sat, 13 Oct 2012 15:24:35 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Can captive breeding have deleterious effects on individual fitness? Three studies of wild populations, wild and captive populations and museum specimens, one replicated, found evidence for  potentially deleterious physiological or genetic changes due to captive breeding. These studies did not investigate fitness. A study of a wild Mauritius kestrel, Falco punctatus, population derived totally from captive individuals found high inbreeding and a loss of genetic diversity, but this was caused more by the very low population size (four wild birds) than by captivity per se. The museum-based study found reduced relative brain volume in captive wildfowl, compared with wild birds, whilst a comparison of wild and captive populations of white-headed ducks Oxyura leucocephala found lower genetic diversity in captive populations.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F599https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F599Sat, 13 Oct 2012 16:00:16 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Freeze semen for use in artificial insemination A small controlled trial in the USA found that using frozen semen for artificial insemination resulted in lower fertility in falcons, and a second small trial from the USA found that an American kestrel Falco sparverius had only 33% fertility when inseminated with frozen semen. A small trial from the USA found that fertility rates were highest when semen contained 10% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO, a cryoprotectant), compared to semen containing 6% or 8% DMSO.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F602https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F602Sat, 13 Oct 2012 16:27:01 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Artificially incubate and hand-rear wildfowl in captivity Two replicated studies in Canada and India found high success rates for hand-rearing buffleheads Bucephala albeola and bar-headed geese Anser indicus in captivity. Eggs were artificially incubated or incubated under foster parents. A replicated, controlled study in England found that Hawaiian geese (nene) Branta sandvicensis chicks showed less well-adapted behaviours if they were raised without parental contact, compared to chicks raised by parents.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F606https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F606Sat, 13 Oct 2012 17:11:00 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use puppets to increase the survival or growth of hand-reared chicksThree replicated studies from the USA and Saudi Arabia found that corvids and bustards raised using puppets did not have higher survival, dispersal or growth than conventionally hand-reared chicks.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F617https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F617Sun, 14 Oct 2012 12:43:41 +0100
What Works 2021 cover

What Works in Conservation

What Works in Conservation provides expert assessments of the effectiveness of actions, based on summarised evidence, in synopses. Subjects covered so far include amphibians, birds, mammals, forests, peatland and control of freshwater invasive species. More are in progress.

More about What Works in Conservation

Download free PDF or purchase
The Conservation Evidence Journal

The Conservation Evidence Journal

An online, free to publish in, open-access journal publishing results from research and projects that test the effectiveness of conservation actions.

Read the latest volume: Volume 21

Go to the CE Journal

Discover more on our blog

Our blog contains the latest news and updates from the Conservation Evidence team, the Conservation Evidence Journal, and our global partners in evidence-based conservation.


Who uses Conservation Evidence?

Meet some of the evidence champions

Endangered Landscape ProgrammeRed List Champion - Arc Kent Wildlife Trust The Rufford Foundation Save the Frogs - Ghana Mauritian Wildlife Supporting Conservation Leaders
Sustainability Dashboard National Biodiversity Network Frog Life The international journey of Conservation - Oryx Cool Farm Alliance UNEP AWFA Bat Conservation InternationalPeople trust for endangered species Vincet Wildlife Trust