Conservation Evidence: Evidence Data

Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Spray water to deter birds from pondsA replicated study from Sweden found that a rotating water spray deterred birds from fish ponds, but that birds often became used to the spray. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F255https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F255Wed, 18 Jul 2012 12:57:49 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Deter birds from landing on shellfish culture gear using spikes on oyster cagesA replicated and controlled study from Canada found that significantly fewer birds landed on oyster cages with spikes attached, compared to control cages. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F256https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F256Wed, 18 Jul 2012 13:00:33 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Deter birds from landing on shellfish culture gear by suspending oyster bags under waterA replicated and controlled study from Canada found that significantly fewer birds roosted on oyster bags suspended 6 cm below the water, compared with non-submerged bags. Birds roosted on bags suspended 3 cm below the water as frequently as control bags. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F257https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F257Wed, 18 Jul 2012 13:31:25 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Paint wind turbines to increase their visibilityA single ex situ experiment found that thick black stripes running across a wind turbine’s blades made them more conspicuous to an American kestrel than control (unpatterned) blades, but that other designs were less visible, or indistinguishable from controls. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F258https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F258Wed, 18 Jul 2012 13:40:49 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Mowing roadside vergesA single replicated, controlled study in the USA found that more ducks nested on unmown roadside verges, but that over four years, nesting success on unmown verges fell to below that on mown verges. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F259https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F259Thu, 19 Jul 2012 13:19:48 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Sowing roadside verges We captured no evidence for the effects of sowing roadside verges on bird populations. 'No evidence' for an action means we have not yet found any studies that directly and quantitatively tested this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F260https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F260Thu, 19 Jul 2012 13:21:32 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Scare or otherwise deter birds from airports Two replicated studies in the UK and USA found that fewer birds (mainly gulls Larus spp.) used areas of long grass at airports. However, no data were provided on the effect of long grass on strike rates or mortality of birds. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F261https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F261Thu, 19 Jul 2012 13:26:20 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Bury or isolate power lines to reduce incidental bird mortalityA single before-and-after trial in Spain showed a dramatic increase in the survival of juvenile Spanish imperial eagles Aquila adalberti following the burial or isolation of power lines. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F262https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F262Thu, 19 Jul 2012 13:31:11 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Remove earth wires to reduce incidental bird mortalityA before-and-after study and a literature review describe significant reductions in collision mortalities of cranes Grus spp. and grouse Lagopus spp. following the removal of earth wires. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F263https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F263Thu, 19 Jul 2012 13:41:42 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Thicken earth wire to reduce incidental bird mortalityA literature review found no evidence that thickening the earth wire had any impact on collision mortality of cranes Grus spp. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F264https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F264Thu, 19 Jul 2012 13:48:14 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Mark power lines to reduce incidental bird mortality A total of eight studies and two literature reviews from across the world found that marking power lines led to significant reductions in collision rates or dangerous flight behaviour (i.e. approaching close to power lines) in cranes Grus spp., mute swans Cygnus olor and other bird species. All markers except thin, black plastic strips or neoprene crosses were effective, with no differences in effectiveness between Bird Flight Diverters (BFDs: brightly coloured plastic spirals) and static fibreglass plates and only a small possible difference between BFDs and ‘flappers’ (moving markers). Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F265https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F265Thu, 19 Jul 2012 14:03:03 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use raptor models to deter birds and so reduce incidental mortalityA single paired sites study in Spain found no evidence that raptor models were effective in deterring birds from crossing power lines and may even have attracted some species to the area. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F266https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F266Thu, 19 Jul 2012 14:53:56 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add perches to electricity pylons to reduce electrocutionA single before-and-after study in Spain found that adding perches did not reduce electrocutions of Spanish imperial eagles Aquila adalberti. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F267https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F267Thu, 19 Jul 2012 16:08:34 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Insulate power pylons to prevent electrocutionA single before-and-after study in the USA found the insulating power pylons significantly reduced the number of Harris’s hawks Parabuteo unicinctus electrocuted. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F268https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F268Thu, 19 Jul 2012 16:10:27 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use perch-deterrents to stop raptors perching on pylonsA single controlled study from the USA found significantly lower raptor activity close to perch-deterrent power lines, compared to control lines. No data were provided on electrocution rates. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F269https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F269Thu, 19 Jul 2012 16:21:29 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Reduce electrocutions by using plastic, not aluminium, leg rings to mark birdsA replicated and controlled study in the USA found no evidence for lower electrocution rates for raptors marked with plastic leg rings, compared to metal ones. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F270https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F270Thu, 19 Jul 2012 16:27:10 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use legislative regulation to protect wild populations Six out of seven before-and-after studies and two literature reviews/meta-analyses found evidence that legislation protects bird populations. Five studies in Europe, Indonesia and across the world found increased population levels of vultures, raptors, cranes and cockatoos following protective legislation (amongst other interventions). However, one found populations of raptors declined soon after. The literature review also found two cases of limited or no impact of legislation. Two before-and-after studies from Denmark and the USA and Canada and the meta-analysis found increased estimated survival of falcons, ducks and parrots with stricter protection, but not necessarily population-level responses. A meta-analysis found decreased harvest of parrots in areas with stricter protection regimes, but a before-and-after study found no evidence for reduced shearwater harvest with legislation. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F271https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F271Thu, 19 Jul 2012 16:57:57 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Increase ‘on-the-ground’ protection to reduce unsustainable levels of exploitation Two before-and-after studies from Central America and Europe found increases in recruitment and population levels following either stricter anti-poaching measures or stricter protection and the stationing a warden on an island. However, the Central American study found that recruitment increases were only maintained for as long as the intensive effort was continued. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F272https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F272Thu, 19 Jul 2012 17:38:04 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Promote sustainable alternative livelihoodsA single before-and-after study in Costa Rica found an increase in a scarlet macaw Ara macao population following several interventions including the promotion of sustainable, macaw-based livelihoods. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F273https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F273Thu, 19 Jul 2012 18:25:59 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use education programmes and local engagement to help reduce persecution or exploitation of species Five out of six studies from across the world found increases in bird populations or decreases in mortality following education programmes. In all but one case, education was one of several interventions employed. A replicated before-and-after study from Canada also found that there was a significant shift in local peoples’ attitudes to conservation and exploited species following educational programmes. One study from Venezuela found no evidence for decreases in yellow-shouldered parrot Amazona barbadensis poaching following an educational programme in local schools. The authors argue that the benefits would probably be seen later in the project. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F274https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F274Thu, 19 Jul 2012 18:28:35 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Employ local people as ‘biomonitors’A single replicated study in Venezuela found that poaching of parrot nestlings was significantly lower following the employment of five young men as ‘biomonitors’. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F275https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F275Fri, 20 Jul 2012 12:15:50 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Mark eggs to reduce their appeal to egg collectorsA single before-and-after study found that marking eggs greatly increased the number of chicks fledging from six raptor nests in Australia in 1979 and 1980. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F276https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F276Tue, 24 Jul 2012 12:25:58 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Relocate nestlings to reduce poachingA replicated before-and-after study in Venezuela found significant decreases in poaching rate and increased fledging rates of parrots after wild chicks were moved into police premises each night. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F277https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F277Tue, 24 Jul 2012 12:28:18 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use wildlife refuges to reduce hunting disturbance Three studies from the USA and Europe found that bird densities were higher in refuges where hunting was prohibited, compared to areas with hunting. In addition, two studies found that more birds used hunting-free areas during the open season and on hunting days. No studies investigated the population-level impacts of these refuges. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F278https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F278Tue, 24 Jul 2012 12:34:46 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Introduce voluntary ‘maximum shoot distances’A replicated, randomised before-and-after study from Denmark found that significantly fewer pink-footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus were wounded but not killed, following the implementation of a voluntary maximum shooting distance. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F279https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F279Tue, 24 Jul 2012 12:44:12 +0100