Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Present food in water (including dishes and ponds) One replicated, before-and-after study in the USA found that when exposed to water-filled troughs, monkeys were more active and increased their use of tools.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1320https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1320Wed, 12 Oct 2016 15:01:04 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Present food dipped in food colouring One before-and-after study in the USA found that when food was dipped in food colouring juvenile and adult orangutans ate more and took less time to consume it.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1322https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1322Wed, 12 Oct 2016 15:12:41 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Present food items whole instead of processed One before-and-after study in the USA found that when macaques were presented with whole foods instead of chopped foods the amount consumed and time spent feeding increased.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1323https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1323Wed, 12 Oct 2016 15:33:43 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Present feeds at different crowd levels One before-and-after study in the USA found that when smaller crowds were present foraging and object use in chimpanzees increased. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1324https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1324Wed, 12 Oct 2016 15:38:41 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Provide live vegetation in planters for foraging One replicated, before-and-after study in the USA reported that chimpanzees spent more time foraging when provided with planted rye grass and scattered sunflower seeds compared to browse and grass added to the enclosure with their normal diet.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1327https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1327Thu, 13 Oct 2016 08:18:54 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Provide cut branches (browse) One replicated, before-and-after study in the Netherlands and Germany found that when presented with stinging nettles captive gorillas used the same processing skills as wild gorillas to forage.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1332https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1332Thu, 13 Oct 2016 08:33:09 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Provide live invertebrates One before-and-after study in the UK found that when provided with live insect prey inactivity reduced and foraging increased in captive loris to levels seen in wild loris.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1333https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1333Thu, 13 Oct 2016 08:35:55 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Provide fresh produce One replicated, before-and-after study in the USA found that when fresh produce was offered instead of pellet feed more time was spent feeding and less time inactive in rhesus macaques.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1335https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1335Thu, 13 Oct 2016 08:40:05 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Primates: Change feeding times One replicated, controlled study in the USA found that when chimpanzees were fed on unpredictable schedules inactivity decreased.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1338https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1338Thu, 13 Oct 2016 08:46:57 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use nets to keep primates out of fruit trees One controlled, replicated, before-and-after study in Indonesia found that areas where nets were used to protect crop trees, crop-raiding by orangutans was reduced. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1442https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1442Tue, 17 Oct 2017 11:16:03 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Parrot’s feather: Water level drawdown One replicated, randomized, controlled laboratory study in the USA found that water removal to expose plants to drying during the summer led to lower survival of parrot’s feather plants than exposing plants to drying during the winter. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1585https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1585Fri, 20 Oct 2017 13:07:37 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Parrot’s feather: Biological control using plant pathogens One study in South Africa found that parrot’s feather plants survived after being treated with a strain of the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1601https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1601Fri, 20 Oct 2017 15:05:32 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Amphibians: Vary quality or quantity (UV% or gradients) of enclosure lighting to simulate seasonal changes in the wild One replicated study in the UK found that there was no difference in clutch size between frogs given an ultraviolet (UV) boost compared with those who only received background levels. However, frogs given the UV boost had a significantly greater fungal load than frogs that were not UV-boosted. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1865https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1865Fri, 19 Jan 2018 08:49:28 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Amphibians: Provide artificial aquifers for species which breed in upwelling springs One small study in the USA found that salamanders bred in an aquarium fitted with an artificial aquifer. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1871https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1871Fri, 19 Jan 2018 09:07:16 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Amphibians: Provide particular plants as breeding areas or egg laying sites One small, controlled study in the USA found that salamanders bred in an aquarium heavily planted with java moss and swamp-weed. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1875https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1875Fri, 19 Jan 2018 10:31:52 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Amphibians: Manipulate sex ratio within the enclosure One replicated study in Australia found that frogs only bred once sex ratios were manipulated, along with playing recorded mating calls and moving frogs into an indoor enclosure which allowed temporary flooding, and had various types of organic substrate. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1879https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1879Fri, 19 Jan 2018 11:00:23 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Amphibians: Separate sexes in non-breeding periods One replicated, before-and-after study in Australia found that clutch size of frogs increased when sexes were separated in the non-breeding periods, alongside providing female mate choice, playing recorded mating calls and allowing females to increase in weight before breeding. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1880https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1880Fri, 19 Jan 2018 11:08:49 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Amphibians: Supplement diets with carotenoids (including for colouration) One study in the USA found that adding carotenoids to fruit flies fed to frogs reduced the number of clutches, but increased the number of tadpoles and successful metamorphs. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1887https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1887Fri, 19 Jan 2018 14:21:27 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Amphibians: Increase caloric intake of females in preparation for breeding One replicated, before-and-after study in Australia found that clutch size of frogs increased when females increased in weight before breeding, as well as having mate choice, recorded mating calls, and sexes being separated in the non-breeding periods. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1888https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1888Fri, 19 Jan 2018 14:36:09 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Amphibians: Manipulate larval density within the enclosure A replicated study in the USA found that reducing larval density of spotted salamanders increased larval survival and body mass. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1894https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1894Fri, 19 Jan 2018 15:05:40 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Supplement meat-based diets with prebiotic plant material to facilitate digestion One replicated, before-and-after study in India found that providing Jerusalem artichoke as a supplement increased two types of gut microbiota, faecal scores and faecal moisture content in leopards. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1905https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1905Wed, 24 Jan 2018 10:37:54 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Allocate fast days One replicated, before-and-after study in the UK found that large felids fed once every three days paced more frequently on non-feeding days. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1906https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1906Wed, 24 Jan 2018 10:38:37 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Supplement meat-based diet with amino acids One replicated, before-and-after study in the USA found that supplementing an animal-protein diet with taurine, increased plasma taurine levels in maned wolves. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1908https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1908Wed, 24 Jan 2018 10:40:59 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Change location of food around enclosure One replicated, before-and-after study in Ireland found that altering the location of food decreased pacing behaviours in cheetahs. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1918https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1918Wed, 24 Jan 2018 10:51:27 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Carnivores: Provide live invertebrate prey, including in feeding devices One replicated study in the USA found that provision of live prey increased explorative behaviours in fennec foxes compared to other types of enrichment. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1926https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1926Wed, 24 Jan 2018 12:19:57 +0000
What Works 2021 cover

What Works in Conservation

What Works in Conservation provides expert assessments of the effectiveness of actions, based on summarised evidence, in synopses. Subjects covered so far include amphibians, birds, mammals, forests, peatland and control of freshwater invasive species. More are in progress.

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