Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use signs or access restrictions to reduce disturbance to mammals One study evaluated the effects of using signs or access restrictions to reduce disturbance to mammals. This study was in the USA. COMMUNITY RESPONSE (0 STUDIES) POPULATION RESPONSE (0 STUDIES) BEHAVIOUR (1 STUDY) Use (1 study): A replicated, paired sites, site comparison study in the USA found that removing or closing roads increased use of those areas by black bears. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2325https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2325Thu, 21 May 2020 08:38:49 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Keep cats indoors or in outside runs to reduce predation of wild mammals One study evaluated the effects on potential prey mammals of keeping cats indoors or in outside runs. This study was in the UK. COMMUNITY RESPONSE (0 STUDIES) POPULATION RESPONSE (1 STUDY) Survival (1 study): One replicated study in the UK found that keeping domestic cats indoors at night reduced the number of dead or injured mammals that were brought home. BEHAVIOUR (0 STUDIES)Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2326https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2326Thu, 21 May 2020 09:53:43 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Habituate mammals to visitors One study evaluated the effects of habituating mammals to visitors. This study was in the USA. COMMUNITY RESPONSE (0 STUDIES) POPULATION RESPONSE (0 STUDIES) BEHAVIOUR (0 STUDIES) OTHER (1 STUDY) Human-wildlife conflict (1 study): A study in the USA found that brown bears that were highly habituated to humans showed less aggression towards human visitors than did non-habituated bears. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2340https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2340Thu, 21 May 2020 15:54:17 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Treat mammals to reduce conflict caused by disease transmission to humans One study evaluated the effects of treating mammals to reduce conflict caused by disease transmission to humans. This study was in Germany. COMMUNITY RESPONSE (0 STUDIES) POPULATION RESPONSE (0 STUDIES) BEHAVIOUR (0 STUDIES) OTHER (1 STUDY) Human-wildlife conflict (1 study): A controlled, before-and-after study in Germany found that following a worming programme, proportions of red foxes infested with small fox tapeworm fell. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2342https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2342Thu, 21 May 2020 17:23:37 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Issue enforcement notices to deter use of non bear-proof garbage dumpsters to reduce human-wildlife conflict One study evaluated the effects of issuing enforcement notices to deter use of non bear-proof garbage dumpsters to reduce human-wildlife conflict. This study was in the USA. COMMUNITY RESPONSE (0 STUDIES) POPULATION RESPONSE (0 STUDIES) BEHAVIOUR (0 STUDIES) OTHER (1 STUDY) Human-wildlife conflict (1 study): A replicated, controlled, before-and-after study in the USA found that issuing enforcement notices requiring appropriate dumpster use did not reduce garbage accessibility to black bears. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2345https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2345Fri, 22 May 2020 13:17:38 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Cease/reduce payments to cull mammals One study evaluated the effects of ceasing or reducing payments to cull mammals. This study was in Sweden and Norway. COMMUNITY RESPONSE (0 STUDIES) POPULATION RESPONSE (1 STUDY) Survival (1 study): A before-and-after study in Sweden and Norway found that fewer brown bears were reported killed after the removal of financial hunting incentives. BEHAVIOUR (0 STUDIES)Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2349https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2349Tue, 26 May 2020 08:24:48 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Retain wildlife corridors in residential areas One study evaluated the effects on mammals of retaining wildlife corridors in residential areas. This study was in Botswana. COMMUNITY RESPONSE (0 STUDIES) POPULATION RESPONSE (0 STUDIES) BEHAVIOUR (1 STUDY) Use (1 study): A replicated study in Botswana found that retained wildlife corridors in residential areas were used by 19 mammal species, including African elephants. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2354https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2354Tue, 26 May 2020 11:35:26 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Install underpasses beneath ski runs One study evaluated the effects on mammals of installing underpasses beneath ski runs. This study was in Australia. COMMUNITY RESPONSE (0 STUDIES) POPULATION RESPONSE (0 STUDIES) BEHAVIOUR (1 STUDY) Use (1 study): A replicated study in Australia found that boulder-filled crossings beneath ski slopes were used by seven small mammal species. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2355https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F2355Tue, 26 May 2020 11:59:24 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add cover other than mulch before/after planting trees/shrubs: freshwater wetlands One study evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of adding cover other than mulch to freshwater wetlands planted with trees/shrubs. The study was in Australia. VEGETATION COMMUNITY   VEGETATION ABUNDANCE Tree/shrub abundance (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study in floodplain swamps in Australia found that covering plots with plastic or jute mats before planting native shrubs had no significant effect on their overall cover, one year later. Individual species abundance (1 study): The same study found that covering plots with plastic or jute mats before planting swamp gum Eucalyptus camphora seedlings had no significant effect on swamp gum cover, one year later. Covering plots with mats also reduced cover of two problematic herb species. VEGETATION STRUCTURE                                          Height (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study in floodplain swamps in Australia found that planted swamp gum Eucalyptus camphora seedlings reached a similar height, after one year, in covered and uncovered plots. Covers were plastic or jute mats. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3318https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3318Sun, 11 Apr 2021 12:19:45 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add cover other than mulch before/after planting trees/shrubs: brackish/saline wetlands One study evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of adding cover other than mulch to brackish/saline wetlands planted with trees/shrubs. The study was in Mexico. VEGETATION COMMUNITY   VEGETATION ABUNDANCE   VEGETATION STRUCTURE   OTHER Growth (1 study): One controlled study on a sandflat in Mexico reported that planted black mangrove Avicennia germinans seedlings grew more in height, over six months, when shaded with black mesh than when not shaded. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3319https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3319Sun, 11 Apr 2021 12:19:58 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Introduce nurse plants to aid focal non-woody plants: brackish/saline wetlands One study evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of introducing nurse plants to brackish/saline wetlands planted with emergent, non-woody plants. The study was in the USA. VEGETATION COMMUNITY   VEGETATION ABUNDANCE   VEGETATION STRUCTURE   OTHER Germination/emergence (1 study): One replicated, controlled study in an estuary in the USA reported that planting nurse plants had no effect on germination of sown arrowgrass Triglochin concinna. No seedlings were found around nurse plants or on bare sediment. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3325https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3325Sun, 11 Apr 2021 12:42:44 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Introduce nurse plants to aid focal trees/shrubs: brackish/saline wetlands One study evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of introducing nurse plants to brackish/saline wetlands planted with trees/shrubs. The study was in the USA. VEGETATION COMMUNITY   VEGETATION ABUNDANCE   VEGETATION STRUCTURE   OTHER Survival (1 study): One replicated, controlled study on a mudflat in the USA found that planting black mangrove Avicennia germinans seedlings into created stands of saltwort Batis maritima did not clearly affect their survival, over seven weeks, compared to planting into bare mud. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3327https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3327Sun, 11 Apr 2021 12:43:09 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use fences or barriers to protect planted brackish/saline wetlands planted with trees/shrubs One study evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of using fences or barriers to protect brackish/saline wetlands planted with trees/shrubs. The study was in the USA. VEGETATION COMMUNITY   VEGETATION ABUNDANCE   VEGETATION STRUCTURE Height (1 study): One replicated, paired, controlled study in exposed coastal sites in the USA found that red mangrove Rhizophora mangle propagules planted within full-length plastic shelters had grown taller than propagules planted without shelter in three of four comparisons, made 22–129 days after planting. OTHER Survival (1 study): One replicated, paired, controlled study in exposed coastal sites in the USA reported that full-length plastic shelters increased the survival rate of planted red mangrove Rhizophora mangle propagules over 4–8 months, but that full-length bamboo shelters and below-ground plastic shelters had no clear effect on survival. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3331https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3331Sun, 11 Apr 2021 13:15:17 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Remove vegetation that could compete with planted non-woody plants: brackish/saline wetlands One study evaluated the effects, on emergent non-woody vegetation planted in brackish/saline wetlands, of removing competing plants. The study was in the USA. VEGETATION COMMUNITY   VEGETATION ABUNDANCE   VEGETATION STRUCTURE   OTHER Germination/emergence (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study in an estuarine salt marsh in the USA found that thinning cover of the dominant plant before sowing dwarf saltwort Salicornia bigelovii seeds had no significant effect on saltwort seedling density, over the following two months. Survival (1 study): The same study found that thinning the dominant plant increased the survival rate of dwarf saltwort Salicornia bigelovii transplants over the first six months after planting. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3333https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3333Sun, 11 Apr 2021 14:08:52 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Install physical supports for planted non-woody plants: freshwater wetlands One study evaluated the effects of installing physical supports for emergent, non-woody plants planted in freshwater wetlands. The study was in the Netherlands. VEGETATION COMMUNITY   VEGETATION ABUNDANCE   VEGETATION STRUCTURE Biomass/plant (1 study): One replicated, controlled study at the edge of a freshwater lake in the Netherlands found that supporting planted bulrushes Scirpus with wire mesh had no significant effect on biomass of individual plants after 1–2 years. Stems/plant (1 study): The same study found that supporting planted bulrushes Scirpus with wire mesh had no significant effect on number of shoots/plant after 1–2 years. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3336https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3336Sun, 11 Apr 2021 16:38:18 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Plant non-woody plants into moisture-retaining peat pots: freshwater wetlands One study evaluated the effects of using moisture-retaining peat pots when planting emergent, non-woody vegetation in freshwater wetlands. The study was in the USA. VEGETATION COMMUNITY   VEGETATION ABUNDANCE Individual species abundance (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study in a wetland in the USA found that tussock sedge Carex stricta cover was similar across plots, after two growing seasons, whether sedges were planted into peat pots or into existing wetland soil. VEGETATION STRUCTURE Individual plant size (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study in a wetland in the USA found that the biomass of tussock sedge Carex stricta plants was similar, after two growing seasons, whether they were planted into peat pots or into existing wetland soil. OTHER Survival (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study in a wetland in the USA found that the survival rate of tussock sedge Carex stricta plants was similar, after two growing seasons, whether they were planted into peat pots or into existing wetland soil. Growth (1 study): The same study found that the growth rate of tussock sedge Carex stricta was typically similar, over two growing seasons, when planted into peat pots or into existing wetland soil. However, in a dry area and in a dry year, planting in peat pots did increase the growth rate. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3341https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3341Sun, 11 Apr 2021 16:45:47 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Apply root dip to non-woody plants before planting: brackish/saline wetlands One study evaluated the effects – on emergent, non-woody plants typical of brackish/saline wetlands – of applying a non-fungal root dip before planting. The study was in the USA. VEGETATION COMMUNITY   VEGETATION ABUNDANCE Individual species abundance (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study on mudflats in the USA found that root-dipping smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora before planting had mixed effects on cordgrass density after 1–2 growing seasons, but never increased it. VEGETATION STRUCTURE Height (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study on mudflats in the USA found that root-dipping smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora before planting had mixed effects on cordgrass height after two growing seasons. OTHER Survival (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study on mudflats in the USA found that root-dipped smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora plants typically had a lower survival rate, after one growing season, than plants that had not been root-dipped. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3352https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3352Sun, 11 Apr 2021 17:13:05 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Soak trees/shrubs before planting: freshwater wetlands One study evaluated the effects – on trees/shrubs typical of freshwater wetlands – of soaking them before planting. The study was in a greenhouse in the USA. VEGETATION COMMUNITY   VEGETATION ABUNDANCE   VEGETATION STRUCTURE Biomass/plant (1 study): One replicated, randomized, controlled study in a greenhouse in the USA found that soaking black willow Salix nigra cuttings before planting had no significant effect on the above-ground biomass of surviving seedlings, over the 48 days after planting. OTHER Survival (1 study): One replicated, randomized, controlled study in a greenhouse in the USA found that the effect, on survival, of soaking black willow cuttings before planting depended on the water regime after planting. However, all cuttings soaked for 15 days before planting died within 42 days of planting. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3361https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3361Sun, 11 Apr 2021 17:33:34 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Soak seeds of non-woody plants before sowing: freshwater wetlands One study evaluated the effects – on emergent, non-woody plants typical of freshwater wetlands – of soaking their seeds before sowing. The study was in a greenhouse in the USA. VEGETATION COMMUNITY   VEGETATION ABUNDANCE   VEGETATION STRUCTURE   OTHER Germination/emergence (1 study): One replicated, randomized, controlled study in a greenhouse in the USA found that soaking bulrush seeds in water before sowing typically had no significant effect on their germination rate – especially amongst seeds that had not been manipulated in any other way before soaking. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3363https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3363Sun, 11 Apr 2021 20:16:17 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Heat seeds of non-woody plants before sowing: freshwater wetlands One study evaluated the effects – on emergent, non-woody plants typical of freshwater wetlands – of heating their seeds before sowing. The study was in a greenhouse in the USA. VEGETATION COMMUNITY   VEGETATION ABUNDANCE   VEGETATION STRUCTURE   OTHER Germination/emergence (1 study): One replicated, randomized, controlled study in a greenhouse in the USA found that sawgrass Cladium jamaicense seeds dipped in hot water or dried in an oven before sowing had a similar germination rate to seeds that had not been heated. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3371https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3371Mon, 12 Apr 2021 07:43:44 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Heat tree/shrub seeds before sowing: freshwater wetlands One study evaluated the effects – on trees/shrubs typical of freshwater wetlands – of heating their seeds before sowing. The study was in a laboratory in the USA. VEGETATION COMMUNITY   VEGETATION ABUNDANCE   VEGETATION STRUCTURE          OTHER Germination/emergence (1 study): One replicated, controlled study in a laboratory in the USA found that heating baldcypress Taxodium distichum seeds in a flame before sowing reduced their germination rate. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3373https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3373Mon, 12 Apr 2021 07:44:05 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Physically damage tree/shrub seeds before sowing: freshwater wetlands One study evaluated the effects – on trees/shrubs typical of freshwater wetlands – of physically damaging their seeds before sowing. The study was in a laboratory in the USA. VEGETATION COMMUNITY   VEGETATION ABUNDANCE   VEGETATION STRUCTURE          OTHER Germination/emergence (1 study): One replicated, controlled study in a laboratory in the USA found that cutting baldcypress Taxodium distichum seeds in half before sowing reduced their germination rate. Growth (1 study): The same study found that cutting baldcypress Taxodium distichum seeds in half before sowing had no significant effect on the height of surviving seedlings, 30 days after germination. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3378https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3378Mon, 12 Apr 2021 08:22:48 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Produce guidance for marsh or swamp conservation One study evaluated the effects, on vegetation or human behaviour, of producing guidance for marsh or swamp conservation. The study was in Sri Lanka. VEGETATION COMMUNITY   VEGETATION ABUNDANCE   VEGETATION STRUCTURE   OTHER Survival (1 study): One study of coastal sites in Sri Lanka found that planted mangrove propagules/seedlings had a higher survival rate in sites where published guidance had been consulted to select appropriate areas for planting, than in sites where guidance was not consulted. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3392https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3392Mon, 12 Apr 2021 12:07:08 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use marketing strategies to increase the value of marshes or swamps One study evaluated the effects, on vegetation or human behaviour, of using marketing strategies to increase the value of marshes or swamps. The study was in Vietnam. VEGETATION COMMUNITY   VEGETATION ABUNDANCE   VEGETATION STRUCTURE   OTHER Human behaviour (1 study): One before-and-after study in Vietnam reported that helping local people to sell handicrafts made from marsh plants in tourist markets (along with training to improve the quality of those products) increased their income. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3393https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3393Mon, 12 Apr 2021 12:09:17 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Lobby/campaign/demonstrate to protect marshes or swamps One study evaluated the effects, on vegetation or human behaviour, of lobbying/campaigning/demonstrating to protect marshes or swamps. The study was in Brazil. VEGETATION COMMUNITY   VEGETATION ABUNDANCE   VEGETATION STRUCTURE   OTHER Human behaviour (1 study): One study in Brazil reported after lobbying local and national governments, a wetland complex was designated as a sustainable development reserve (rather than being strictly protected) and a sustainable development research institute was created. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3394https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3394Mon, 12 Apr 2021 12:11:04 +0100
What Works 2021 cover

What Works in Conservation

What Works in Conservation provides expert assessments of the effectiveness of actions, based on summarised evidence, in synopses. Subjects covered so far include amphibians, birds, mammals, forests, peatland and control of freshwater invasive species. More are in progress.

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