Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add lime to water bodies to reduce acidification One before-and-after study in the UK found that adding limestone to ponds resulted in establishment of one of three translocated populations of natterjack toads. One replicated, site comparison study in the UK found that species-specific habitat management that included adding limestone to ponds increased natterjack toad populations. One before-and-after study in the UK found that adding limestone to ponds temporarily increased breeding by natterjack toads. Three before-and-after studies (including one controlled, replicated study) in the Netherlands and UK found that adding limestone increased larval and/or egg survival of moor frogs and common frogs and resulted in metamorphosis of natterjack toads at two of three sites. Two before-and-after studies (including one controlled study) in the UK found that adding limestone to ponds resulted in high tadpole mortality and pond abandonment by natterjack toads and higher numbers of abnormal common frog eggs.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F748https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F748Thu, 18 Jul 2013 15:41:50 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add lime to the soil to increase fertility One replicated, randomized controlled study in the USA found that adding lime increased vegetation cover.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1249https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1249Fri, 03 Jun 2016 12:48:10 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add lime to the soil after tree planting One of two replicated, randomized, controlled studies in the USA found that adding lime before restoration planting decreased the survival of pine seedlings. The other study found no effect of adding lime on planted oak seedling growth.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1259https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1259Mon, 06 Jun 2016 10:42:49 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add lime to shrubland to reduce the impacts of sulphur dioxide pollution We found no studies that evaluated the effects of adding lime to reduce the impacts of sulphur dioxide pollution on shrublands. 'We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.  Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1671https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1671Sun, 22 Oct 2017 15:18:10 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add manure to soil One replicated, randomized, controlled study in South Africa found that adding manure to the soil increased plant cover and the number of plant species. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1695https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1695Mon, 23 Oct 2017 10:50:48 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add lime to reduce acidity and/or increase fertility One study evaluated the effects of liming (without planting) on peatland vegetation. The study was in a fen meadow. N.B. Liming is considered in different contexts here and here. Vegetation structure (1 study): One replicated, controlled study in a fen meadow in the Netherlands found that liming increased overall vegetation biomass (mostly grass). Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1790https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1790Tue, 28 Nov 2017 08:18:28 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add inorganic fertilizer (without planting) Three studies evaluated the effects of adding inorganic fertilizer (without planting) on peatland vegetation. Two studies were in bogs and one was in a fen meadow. Vegetation cover (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled, before-and-after study in a bog in New Zealand reported that fertilizing typically increased total vegetation cover. Vegetation structure (1 study): One replicated, paired, controlled study in a fen meadow in the Netherlands found that fertilizing with phosphorous typically increased total above-ground vegetation biomass, but other chemicals typically had no effect. Overall plant richness/diversity (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled, before-and-after study in a bog in New Zealand reported that fertilizing typically increased plant species richness. Growth (1 study): One replicated, controlled, before-and-after study in a bog in Germany found that fertilizing with phosphorous typically increased herb and shrub growth rate, but other chemicals had no effect. Other (3 studies): Three replicated, controlled studies in a fen meadow in Germany and bogs in Germany and New Zealand reported that effects of fertilizer on peatland were more common when phosphorous was added, than when nitrogen or potassium were added. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1812https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1812Tue, 28 Nov 2017 08:37:10 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add lime (before/after planting) Six studies evaluated the effects on peatland vegetation of liming areas planted with peatland plants. Four studies involved fen plants, one involved bog plants and one involved peat swamp plants. Two of the studies were in greenhouses/nurseries. Survival (2 studies): One replicated, controlled study in the Netherlands reported that liming typically reduced survival of planted fen herbs after two growing seasons. One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study in Sweden found that liming increased survival of planted fen mosses over one growing season. Growth (3 studies): Two controlled, before-and-after studies found that liming did not increase growth of planted peatland vegetation. Liming reduced or had no effect on Sphagnum moss growth in bog pools in the UK, and reduced growth rates for the majority of peat swamp tree seedlings in a nursery in Indonesia. One replicated, controlled, before-and-after study in Sweden found that liming increased growth of planted fen mosses. Cover (2 studies): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled, before-and-after study in a fen in Sweden found that liming increased cover of sown mosses. However, one replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study in a bog in Canada found that liming plots sown with fen vegetation fragments had no effect on total vegetation, vascular plant or bryophyte cover. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1825https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F1825Tue, 28 Nov 2017 08:50:30 +0000Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add lime or similar chemicals: freshwater marshes One study evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of adding neutralizing chemicals to freshwater marshes or their catchments. The study was in the USA. VEGETATION COMMUNITY Relative abundance (1 study): One replicated, controlled, before-and-after study of marsh vegetation in the USA found that liming had little effect on the relative abundance of plant taxa. For 48 of 49 taxa, differences or similarities in relative abundance between limed and unlimed areas before intervention persisted over two years after intervention. VEGETATION ABUNDANCE Individual species abundance (1 study): One replicated, controlled, before-and-after study of marsh vegetation in the USA found that for most plant taxa, differences or similarities in abundance between limed and unlimed areas before intervention persisted over two years following intervention. This was true for 33 of 38 herbaceous plant taxa, eight of eight woody plant taxa, and two of three moss taxa. VEGETATION STRUCTURECollected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3157https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3157Tue, 06 Apr 2021 12:16:26 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add lime or similar chemicals: brackish/salt marshesWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of adding neutralizing chemicals to brackish/salt marshes or their catchments.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3158https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3158Tue, 06 Apr 2021 12:16:51 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add lime or similar chemicals: freshwater swamps One study evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of adding neutralizing chemicals to freshwater swamps or their catchments. The study was in the USA. VEGETATION COMMUNITY Relative abundance (1 study): One replicated, controlled, before-and-after study of shrubby wetland vegetation in the USA found that liming had no significant effect on the relative abundance of plant taxa. For 49 of 49 taxa, differences or similarities in relative abundance between limed and unlimed areas before intervention persisted over two years after intervention. VEGETATION ABUNDANCE Individual species abundance (1 study): One replicated, controlled, before-and-after study of shrubby wetland vegetation in the USA found that for most plant taxa, differences or similarities in abundance between limed and unlimed areas before intervention persisted over two years following intervention. This was true for 31 of 31 herbaceous plant taxa, 16 of 16 woody plant taxa, and one of two moss taxa. VEGETATION STRUCTURECollected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3159https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3159Tue, 06 Apr 2021 12:17:03 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add lime or similar chemicals: brackish/saline swampsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of adding neutralizing chemicals to brackish/saline swamps or their catchments.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3160https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3160Tue, 06 Apr 2021 12:17:14 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add inorganic fertilizer: freshwater marshes One study evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of adding inorganic fertilizer to restore or create freshwater marshes. The study was in Germany. VEGETATION COMMUNITY Community composition (1 study): One replicated, paired, controlled, before-and-after study in wet grasslands in Germany reported that the effect of annual fertilization (for 20 years) on the average moisture preference of the vegetation varied between sites. Overall richness/diversity (1 study): The same study reported that the effect of annual fertilization (for 20 years) on total plant species richness varied between sites. VEGETATION ABUNDANCE Overall abundance (1 study): One replicated, paired, controlled study in wet grasslands in Germany reported that plots fertilized every spring contained more vegetation biomass, after 4–18 years, than unfertilized plots. Herb abundance (1 study): The same study reported that the effect of annual fertilization (for 20 years) on cover of herb groups (sedges, rushes, forbs, ferns, grasses and legumes) varied between sites. VEGETATION STRUCTURE Height (1 study): One replicated, paired, controlled, before-and-after study in wet grasslands in Germany reported that the effect of annual fertilization (for 20 years) on vegetation height varied between sites. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3239https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3239Sat, 10 Apr 2021 12:11:20 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add inorganic fertilizer: brackish/salt marshes One study evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of adding inorganic fertilizer to restore or create brackish/salt marshes. The study was in Canada. VEGETATION COMMUNITY   VEGETATION ABUNDANCE Characteristic plant abundance (1 study): One replicated, paired, controlled, before-and-after study in salt-contaminated bogs in Canada found that adding fertilizer had no significant effect on cover of salt marsh vegetation, in unplanted plots, after one year. VEGETATION STRUCTURECollected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3240https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3240Sat, 10 Apr 2021 12:12:30 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add inorganic fertilizer: freshwater swampsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of adding inorganic fertilizer to restore or create freshwater swamps.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3241https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3241Sat, 10 Apr 2021 12:12:43 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add inorganic fertilizer: brackish/saline swampsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of adding inorganic fertilizer to restore or create brackish/saline swamps.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3242https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3242Sat, 10 Apr 2021 12:12:53 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add lime or similar chemicals before/after planting non-woody plants: freshwater wetlandsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of adding neutralizing chemicals to freshwater wetlands planted with emergent, non-woody plants.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3300https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3300Sun, 11 Apr 2021 08:46:21 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add lime or similar chemicals before/after planting non-woody plants: brackish/saline wetlands Three studies evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of adding neutralizing chemicals to brackish/saline wetlands planted with emergent, non-woody plants. Two studies were in Canada. One study was in the USA. One study was in a greenhouse. VEGETATION COMMUNITY   VEGETATION ABUNDANCE Characteristic plant abundance (1 study): One replicated, paired, controlled, before-and-after study in salt-contaminated bogs in Canada reported that liming reduced the above-ground biomass of planted salt marsh vegetation after one year. Individual species abundance (2 studies): One controlled study in former borrow pits in the USA found that limed and unlimed plots supported similar biomass of a planted herb species after 1–2 growing seasons. In contrast, one replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study in salt-contaminated peat in Canada found that limed pots supported lower biomass of two sown herb species than unlimed pots, after four months. VEGETATION STRUCTURE   OTHER Germination/emergence (1 study): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study in salt-contaminated peat in Canada found that for each of two sown herb species, germination rates were similar in limed and unlimed pots. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3301https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3301Sun, 11 Apr 2021 08:46:32 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add lime or similar chemicals before/after planting trees/shrubs: freshwater wetlandsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of adding neutralizing chemicals to freshwater wetlands planted with trees/shrubs.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3302https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3302Sun, 11 Apr 2021 08:46:44 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add lime or similar chemicals before/after planting trees/shrubs: brackish/saline wetlandsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of adding neutralizing chemicals to brackish/saline wetlands planted with trees/shrubs.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3303https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3303Sun, 11 Apr 2021 08:46:55 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add inorganic fertilizer before/after planting non-woody plants: freshwater wetlands Four studies evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of adding inorganic fertilizer to freshwater wetlands planted with emergent, non-woody plants. Two studies were in the USA, one was in the Netherlands and one was in Ireland. One of the studies in the USA was in a greenhouse. VEGETATION COMMUNITY   VEGETATION ABUNDANCE Individual species abundance (1 study): One replicated, paired, controlled study of lakeshores planted with bulrushes Scirpus spp. in the Netherlands found that fertilized and unfertilized plots contained a similar amount (density and biomass) of each bulrush species over three growing seasons. VEGETATION STRUCTURE Individual plant size (2 studies): Two replicated, controlled studies (one also paired) in the USA found that adding fertilizer to mineral soil increased the biomass and/or number of shoots of tussock sedge Carex stricta seedlings, 2–3 months after planting. However, in both studies, adding fertilizer had no significant or clear effect on sedge size in plots amended with compost and/or topsoil. OTHER Growth (1 study): One replicated, paired, controlled, before-and-after study in tubs of mining waste in Ireland found that adding fertilizer increased growth of planted sweetgrass Glyceria fluitans in one case but had no significant effect in another. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3304https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3304Sun, 11 Apr 2021 08:57:08 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add inorganic fertilizer before/after planting non-woody plants: brackish/saline wetlands Seven studies evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of adding inorganic fertilizer to brackish/saline wetlands planted with emergent, non-woody plants. Four studies were in the USA. Two of these were based in the same marsh, but used different experimental set-ups. Two studies were in Canada. One study was in China. VEGETATION COMMUNITY   VEGETATION ABUNDANCE Overall abundance (2 studies): One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study in intertidal brackish marshes in Canada found that adding fertilizer when planting wetland herbs typically had no significant effect on total live vegetation biomass, after two growing seasons. One replicated, paired, controlled, before-and-after study in salt-contaminated bogs in Canada found that overall vegetation biomass and cover were greater in fertilized than unfertilized plots, one year after introducing salt marsh vegetation. Individual species abundance (6 studies): Six studies quantified the effect of this action on the abundance of individual plant species. For example, three replicated, randomized, paired, controlled studies in intertidal areas in the USA found that the abundance of cordgrasses Spartina spp. was typically similar in fertilized and unfertilized plots, 1–2 growing seasons after planting. This was true for density, biomass and/or cover. However, one controlled study on former borrow pits in the USA found that cordgrass Spartina spp. biomass was typically greater in fertilized than unfertilized plots, one growing season after planting. This study also found that fertilization typically reduced black rush Juncus roemarianus biomass, one growing season after planting. VEGETATION STRUCTURE Height (6 studies): Five replicated, controlled studies (four also paired, three also randomized) in brackish/saline wetlands in the USA, China and Canada found that adding fertilizer had no significant effect on the height of planted/sown wetland herbs after 1–2 growing seasons. One controlled study on former borrow pits in the USA found that fertilized smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora was taller than unfertilized smooth cordgrass, two growing seasons after planting. OTHER Survival (4 studies): Three replicated, randomized, paired, controlled studies in intertidal areas in the USA and Canada found that adding fertilizer had no significant effect on the survival of planted wetland herbs over 1–2 growing seasons. One controlled study on former borrow pits in the USA reported that adding standard fertilizer to planting holes reduced the survival of planted big cordgrass Spartina cynosuroides, after one growing season. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3305https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3305Sun, 11 Apr 2021 08:57:23 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add inorganic fertilizer before/after planting trees/shrubs: freshwater wetlands Two studies evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of adding inorganic fertilizer to freshwater wetlands planted with trees/shrubs. Both studies were in the USA. VEGETATION COMMUNITY                  VEGETATION ABUNDANCE   VEGETATION STRUCTURE Height (1 study): One replicated, paired, controlled study in the USA found that adding fertilizer had no significant effect, after two years, on the height of tree saplings planted into floating peat bags. Diameter, perimeter, area (1 study): The same study found that adding fertilizer had no significant effect, after two years, on the diameter of two of three tree species planted into floating peat bags. However, fertilized pond apple Annona glabra saplings had thicker stems than unfertilized saplings. OTHER Growth (1 study): One replicated, randomized, controlled study in the USA found that adding fertilizer increased the growth rate of baldcypress Taxodium distichum seedlings planted into a marsh. This was true for both diameter and height growth. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3306https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3306Sun, 11 Apr 2021 08:57:33 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add inorganic fertilizer before/after planting trees/shrubs: brackish/saline wetlandsWe found no studies that evaluated the effects, on vegetation, of adding inorganic fertilizer to brackish/saline wetlands planted with trees/shrubs.   ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our systematic journal and report searches. Therefore we have been unable to assess whether or not the action is effective or has any harmful impacts. Please get in touch if you know of such a study for this action.Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3307https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3307Sun, 11 Apr 2021 08:57:43 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Add lights to fishing gear Five studies evaluated the effects of adding lights to fishing gear on reptile populations. Two studies were in the Baja California peninsula (Mexico) and one was in each of Sechura Bay (Peru), the Atlantic and North Pacific and the Adriatic Sea. COMMUNITY RESPONSE (0 STUDIES) POPULATION RESPONSE (1 STUDY) Survival (1 study): One randomized, controlled, paired study in the Adriatic Sea found that no loggerhead turtles were caught and died in in gillnets with UV lights whereas some did in nets without lights. BEHAVIOUR (0 STUDIES) OTHER (5 STUDIES) Unwanted catch (5 studies): Four controlled studies (including three replicated and two paired studies) in the Baja California peninsula, Sechura Bay and the Adriatic Sea found that gillnets with LED lights, light sticks or UV lights caught fewer green turtles and loggerhead turtles than nets without lights. One replicated study in the Atlantic and North Pacific found mixed effects of increasing the number of light sticks on longlines on the chance of catching loggerhead and leatherback turtles. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3554https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F3554Wed, 08 Dec 2021 13:59:36 +0000
What Works 2021 cover

What Works in Conservation

What Works in Conservation provides expert assessments of the effectiveness of actions, based on summarised evidence, in synopses. Subjects covered so far include amphibians, birds, mammals, forests, peatland and control of freshwater invasive species. More are in progress.

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