Conservation Evidence: Evidence Data

Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide or retain un-harvested buffer strips Four replicated studies from Canada and the USA found that wider buffer strips retained a bird community more similar to that of uncut forest than narrower strips. Two replicated and controlled studies from the USA found that several forest-specialist species were absent from buffers up to 70 m wide. Two replicated and controlled studies from the USA found that richness was higher in buffers <100 m wide, compared to wider strips or forest. A replicated, controlled study in the USA (6) found that thinned buffer strips had lower abundances of forest species than unthinned strips, but higher abundances of early successional species. A replicated study from the USA (4) found that species richness was similar between 20–50 m buffers and original forest. A replicated study from the USA found that bird abundances were higher in 20–50 m wide buffer strips than in original forest. A replicated study in the USA found no differences in productivity of birds nests between buffer strips wider than 350 m, compared to those thinner than 250 m. Whilst a replicated, controlled study from the USA found that predation of artificial nests was significantly higher in buffer strips compared with continuous forest, but that there was no diffrerence between narrow and wide buffers. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F161https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F161Tue, 15 May 2012 14:59:57 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide or retain set-aside areas in farmland Three replicated studies and a review of five studies from Europe and North America examining species richness or diversity found that more species were found on set-aside than on crops. One found fewer species on set-aside than other agricultural habitats. All 21 studies, including a systematic review, 12 replicated experiments and two reviews, from Europe and North America that investigated population trends or habitat associations found that some species were found at higher densities or used set-aside more than other habitats, or were found on set-aside. Four studies (three replicated) from the UK found that some species were found at lower densities on set-aside compared to other habitats. Three of four replicated studies from the UK found that waders and Eurasian skylarks had higher productivities on set-aside, compared to other habitats. One study found that skylarks nesting on set-aside had lower productivity compared to those on cereal crops, and similar productivities to those on other crops. One replicated paired study from the UK found that rotational set-aside was used more than non-rotational set-aside, a replicated paired study found no differences between rotational and non-rotational set-aside. A review from Europe and North America found that naturally regenerated set-aside held more birds and more species than sown set-aside. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F175https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F175Sun, 27 May 2012 15:10:59 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide short grass for wadersA replicated UK study found that common starlings and northern lapwings spent more time foraging on short swards, compared to longer grass, and that starlings captured more prey in short grass. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F221https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F221Tue, 17 Jul 2012 14:03:36 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide refuges for fish within pondsA controlled cross-over trial in the UK found that great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo foraging success was lower in a pond with artificial refuges, compared to a control pond. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F253https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F253Wed, 18 Jul 2012 12:49:06 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide paths to limit the extent of disturbanceA before-and-after study from the UK found that two species of wader nested closer to a path, or at higher densities near the path, following resurfacing, which resulted in far fewer people leaving the path. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F311https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F311Wed, 25 Jul 2012 17:34:15 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide nesting material for wild birds A replicated study in the UK found that songbirds used feathers provided at a very low rate and nest construction did not appear to be resource limited. A replicated, controlled study from Australia found that four species of egrets used supplementary nesting material provided, preferentially taking material from raised platforms over water compared to plots on dry land. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F501https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F501Tue, 04 Sep 2012 16:23:14 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide nesting habitat for birds that is safe from extreme weather A small from New Zealand found Chatham Island oystercatchers Haematopus chathamensis used raised nest platforms made from car tyres (designed to raise nests above the level of storm surges). The success of these nests is not reported. Two replicated, controlled studies from the USA found that the nesting success of terns and waders was no higher on specially raised areas of nesting substrate, compared to unraised areas, with one study finding that a similar proportion of nests were lost to flooding in raised and unraised areas. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F504https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F504Thu, 06 Sep 2012 13:55:55 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary foodA replicated, controlled study from Europe found that overall, gardens with supplementary food did not contain more species than those without. However, there was some evidence that gardens with supplementary food in five countries did contain more species than unfed ones, when countries were analysed separately. For specific interventions see: provide supplementary foodCollected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F521https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F521Sat, 08 Sep 2012 13:18:10 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for petrels to increase reproductive successA replicated controlled study in Australia found that Gould’s petrel Pterodroma leucoptera chicks provided with supplementary food had very similar fledging rates to both control and hand-reared birds, but were significantly heavier than other birds. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F522https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F522Sat, 08 Sep 2012 13:22:09 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for gannets and boobies to increase reproductive success A small controlled study in Australia found that Australasian gannet Morus serrator chicks were significantly heavier if they were supplied with supplementary food, but only in one of two years. Fledging success of fed nests was also higher, but not significantly so. A randomised replicated and controlled study in the Galapagos Islands found that fed female Nazca boobies Sula granti were more likely to produce two-egg clutches if they were fed, and that second eggs were significantly heavier. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F523https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F523Sat, 08 Sep 2012 13:25:20 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for auks to increase reproductive success Two replicated and controlled studies from the UK found that Atlantic puffin Fratercula arctica chicks provided with supplementary food were significantly heavier than control chicks. One study found differences between populations, suggesting some are more food-limited than others. The two UK studies found that fed chicks fledged at the same time as controls, whilst a randomised, replicated and controlled study from Canada found that tufted puffin Fratercula cirrhata chicks supplied with supplementary food fledged later than controls. The Canadian study found that fed chicks had faster growth by some, but not all, metrics. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F524https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F524Sat, 08 Sep 2012 13:32:31 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for gulls, terns and skuas to increase reproductive success Four studies of three experiments from Europe and Alaska found that providing supplementary food increased fledging success or chick survival in two gull species, although a study from the UK found that this was only true for one island, with abnormally low breeding success. A second island with higher success was not affected by feeding. Two of the experiments fed parent birds and one fed the chicks directly. One study from the Antarctic found no effect of feeding parent skuas on productivity. One study from Alaska found increased chick growth when parents were fed; one study from the Antarctic found no increase in chick growth. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F525https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F525Sat, 08 Sep 2012 13:37:48 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for gamebirds to increase reproductive successA controlled study in Tibet found that Tibetan eared pheasants Crossoptilon harmani that were fed supplementary food laid significantly larger eggs and clutches than control birds. Nesting success and laying dates were not affected. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F527https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F527Sun, 09 Sep 2012 17:34:24 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for ibises to increase reproductive successA study from China found that breeding success of crested ibis Nipponia nippon was correlated with the amount of supplementary food provided, although no comparison was made with unfed nests. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F530https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F530Sun, 09 Sep 2012 17:51:49 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for owls to increase reproductive success Two replicated and controlled trials from Europe and the USA found that owls supplied with supplementary food had higher hatching and fledging rates than control pairs. The European study, but not the American, also found that fed pairs laid earlier and had larger clutches The American study also found that owls were no more likely to colonise nest boxes provided with supplementary food. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F533https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F533Sun, 09 Sep 2012 19:15:10 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for kingfishers to increase reproductive successA controlled study in the USA found that belted kingfisher Ceryle alcyon supplied with food had heavier nestlings and were more likely to renest. There was mixed evidence for the effect of feeding on laying date. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F534https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F534Sun, 09 Sep 2012 19:30:18 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for pigeons to increase reproductive successA replicated cross-over study in the UK found no differences in reproductive parameters of European turtle doves Streptopelia turtur between years when food was supplied and those when it was not. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F535https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F535Sun, 09 Sep 2012 19:40:03 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for parrots to increase reproductive success Two studies from New Zealand found some evidence that providing supplementary food for kakapos Strigopus habroptilus increased the number of breeding attempts made, whilst a third study found that birds provided with specially-formulated pellets appeared to have larger clutches than those fed on nuts. One study found no evidence that providing food increased the number of nesting attempts. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F536https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F536Sun, 09 Sep 2012 19:43:26 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for gamebirds to increase adult survival Two European studies found increased numbers of grey partridge Perdix perdix in fed areas, compared to unfed areas. In one study there was no change in the overall population in the study area, in the second there was an increase. One cross-over study from the USA found that northern bobwhites Colinus virginianus had higher overwinter survival in fed areas, one found lower survival and a literature review found no overall effect of feeding. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F544https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F544Sun, 16 Sep 2012 09:01:06 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for cranes to increase adult survivalA before-and-after study from Japan and a global literature review found that local crane populations increased after the provision of supplementary food. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F547https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F547Sun, 16 Sep 2012 09:19:25 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for gulls, terns and skuas to increase adult survivalA randomised, replicated and controlled study in the Antarctic found that female south polar skuas Catharacta maccormicki that were fed lost more weight whilst feeding two chicks than unfed birds. There was no difference for birds with single chicks, or male birds. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F548https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F548Sun, 16 Sep 2012 09:21:14 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for pigeons to increase adult survival A study of a recently-released pink pigeon Nesoenas mayeri population on Mauritius found that fewer than half the birds used supplementary food, and appeared to survive without it. However, a later study of the population found that almost all birds were recorded using supplementary feeders. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F549https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F549Sun, 16 Sep 2012 09:24:17 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for hummingbirds to increase adult survival Four studies from the USA found that three species of hummingbird showed preferences for higher concentrations of sucrose (measured in weight/volume), consuming more and visiting feeders more frequently. A study from the USA found that black-chinned hummingbirds Archilochus alexanderi preferentially fed on sugar solutions over artificial sweeteners, and that increasing the viscosity of these solutions (so they appeared more like sugar solutions) did not affect their consumption. Two studies from Mexico (ex situ) and Argentina found that four species showed preferences for sucrose over fructose or glucose when equiweight solutions were compared. One found that birds also preferentially fed on sucrose over a sucrose-glucose mix, the other found no preference for sucrose over a glucose-fructose mix. A controlled study from the USA found that Anna’s hummingbirds Calypte anna showed a preference for red-dyed sugar solutions over five other colours, but only if different colours were presented at the same time. A replicated study from the USA found that rufous hummingbirds Selasphorous rufus preferentially fed on feeders placed higher, over lower ones. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F550https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F550Sun, 16 Sep 2012 09:33:20 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for nectar-feeding songbirds to increase adult survival Two studies from Australia and New Zealand found that ten species of honeyeaters and stitchbirds Notiomystis cincta readily used feeders supplying sugar solutions, with seasonal variations varying between species and stitchbirds spending more time foraging for insects when food was supplied. A series of ex situ trials using southern African birds found that most species tested showed a preference for sucrose solutions over glucose or fructose. One study found that sunbirds and sugarbirds only showed such a preference at low (equimolar) concentrations. Two more studies found that two species showed preferences for sucrose when comparing 20% (by weight) solutions, although a third species did not show this preference. All species rejected solutions with xylose (a natural sugar in nectar) added. A final study found that sucrose preferences only became apparent at equicalorific concentrations high enough for birds to subsist on. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F553https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F553Sat, 22 Sep 2012 20:11:36 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food after release Three studies from found that malleefowl Leipoa ocellata, Andean condors Vultur gryphus and pink pigeons Nesoenas mayeri used supplementary food when it was provided after release. A replicated, controlled study from Australia found that malleefowl had higher survival when supplied with supplementary food. A study in Peru found that supplementary food could be used to increase the foraging range of condors after release, or to guide them back to suitable feeding areas. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F639https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F639Sun, 14 Oct 2012 23:54:01 +0100