Conservation Evidence: Evidence Data

Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary foodA replicated, controlled study from Europe found that overall, gardens with supplementary food did not contain more species than those without. However, there was some evidence that gardens with supplementary food in five countries did contain more species than unfed ones, when countries were analysed separately. For specific interventions see: provide supplementary foodCollected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F521https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F521Sat, 08 Sep 2012 13:18:10 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for petrels to increase reproductive successA replicated controlled study in Australia found that Gould’s petrel Pterodroma leucoptera chicks provided with supplementary food had very similar fledging rates to both control and hand-reared birds, but were significantly heavier than other birds. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F522https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F522Sat, 08 Sep 2012 13:22:09 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for gannets and boobies to increase reproductive success A small controlled study in Australia found that Australasian gannet Morus serrator chicks were significantly heavier if they were supplied with supplementary food, but only in one of two years. Fledging success of fed nests was also higher, but not significantly so. A randomised replicated and controlled study in the Galapagos Islands found that fed female Nazca boobies Sula granti were more likely to produce two-egg clutches if they were fed, and that second eggs were significantly heavier. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F523https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F523Sat, 08 Sep 2012 13:25:20 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for auks to increase reproductive success Two replicated and controlled studies from the UK found that Atlantic puffin Fratercula arctica chicks provided with supplementary food were significantly heavier than control chicks. One study found differences between populations, suggesting some are more food-limited than others. The two UK studies found that fed chicks fledged at the same time as controls, whilst a randomised, replicated and controlled study from Canada found that tufted puffin Fratercula cirrhata chicks supplied with supplementary food fledged later than controls. The Canadian study found that fed chicks had faster growth by some, but not all, metrics. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F524https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F524Sat, 08 Sep 2012 13:32:31 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for wildfowl to increase reproductive successA small randomised and controlled ex situ study from Canada found faster growth and higher weights for fed greater snow goose Chen caerulescens atlantica chicks than unfed ones, but no differences in mortality rates. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F526https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F526Sun, 09 Sep 2012 17:16:26 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for gamebirds to increase reproductive successA controlled study in Tibet found that Tibetan eared pheasants Crossoptilon harmani that were fed supplementary food laid significantly larger eggs and clutches than control birds. Nesting success and laying dates were not affected. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F527https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F527Sun, 09 Sep 2012 17:34:24 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for rails and coots to increase reproductive success A small randomised and controlled trial in the USA found that fed American coots Fulica americana laid heavier eggs, but not larger clutches than controls. However, a randomised, replicated and controlled study in Canada found that clutch size, but not egg size was larger in fed American coot territories. There was also less variation in clutch size between fed territories. The Canadian study also found that coots laid earlier when fed, whilst a replicated cross-over trial from the UK found three was a shorter interval between common moorhens Gallinula chloropus clutches in fed territories, but that fed birds were no more likely to produce second broods. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F528https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F528Sun, 09 Sep 2012 17:37:36 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for waders to increase reproductive successA small controlled trial from the Netherlands found that Eurasian oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus did not produce larger replacement eggs if provided with supplementary food, and their eggs were, in fact smaller than the first clutch, whereas control females laid larger replacement eggs. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F529https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F529Sun, 09 Sep 2012 17:48:48 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for ibises to increase reproductive successA study from China found that breeding success of crested ibis Nipponia nippon was correlated with the amount of supplementary food provided, although no comparison was made with unfed nests. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F530https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F530Sun, 09 Sep 2012 17:51:49 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for owls to increase reproductive success Two replicated and controlled trials from Europe and the USA found that owls supplied with supplementary food had higher hatching and fledging rates than control pairs. The European study, but not the American, also found that fed pairs laid earlier and had larger clutches The American study also found that owls were no more likely to colonise nest boxes provided with supplementary food. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F533https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F533Sun, 09 Sep 2012 19:15:10 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for kingfishers to increase reproductive successA controlled study in the USA found that belted kingfisher Ceryle alcyon supplied with food had heavier nestlings and were more likely to renest. There was mixed evidence for the effect of feeding on laying date. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F534https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F534Sun, 09 Sep 2012 19:30:18 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for pigeons to increase reproductive successA replicated cross-over study in the UK found no differences in reproductive parameters of European turtle doves Streptopelia turtur between years when food was supplied and those when it was not. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F535https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F535Sun, 09 Sep 2012 19:40:03 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for parrots to increase reproductive success Two studies from New Zealand found some evidence that providing supplementary food for kakapos Strigopus habroptilus increased the number of breeding attempts made, whilst a third study found that birds provided with specially-formulated pellets appeared to have larger clutches than those fed on nuts. One study found no evidence that providing food increased the number of nesting attempts. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F536https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F536Sun, 09 Sep 2012 19:43:26 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food to allow the rescue of a second chickA small controlled study in Spain found that second chicks from lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus nests survived longer if nests were provided with food, allowing one chick to be rescued. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F541https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F541Sat, 15 Sep 2012 20:58:36 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for wildfowl to increase adult survival Two studies from Canada and Northern Ireland found that five species of wildfowl readily consumed supplementary food (grains and seeds). Only the Canadian study assessed the physiological effects of feeding, and found that fed birds were heavier and had larger hearts or flight muscles or had more body fat than controls Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F542https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F542Sun, 16 Sep 2012 08:47:27 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for waders to increase adult survivalA study in Northern Ireland found that waders fed on millet seed when provided, but were dominated by mallards Anas platyrhynchos when larger seeds were provided. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F543https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F543Sun, 16 Sep 2012 08:50:12 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for vultures to increase adult survival A before-and-after study from Spain found a large increase in griffon vulture Gyps fulvus population in the study area following multiple interventions including supplementary feeding. Two studies from the USA and Israel found that Californian condors Gymnogyps californianus and Egyptian vultures Neophron percnopterus fed on many of the carcasses provided for them. The Egyptian vultures were sometimes dominated by larger species at a feeding station supplied twice a month, but not at one supplied every day. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F545https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F545Sun, 16 Sep 2012 09:10:04 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for raptors to increase adult survivalTwo randomised, replicated and controlled studies in the USA found that nesting northern goshawks Accipiter gentilis were significantly heavier in territories supplied with supplementary food, compared with those from unfed territories. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F546https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F546Sun, 16 Sep 2012 09:12:47 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for cranes to increase adult survivalA before-and-after study from Japan and a global literature review found that local crane populations increased after the provision of supplementary food. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F547https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F547Sun, 16 Sep 2012 09:19:25 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for gulls, terns and skuas to increase adult survivalA randomised, replicated and controlled study in the Antarctic found that female south polar skuas Catharacta maccormicki that were fed lost more weight whilst feeding two chicks than unfed birds. There was no difference for birds with single chicks, or male birds. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F548https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F548Sun, 16 Sep 2012 09:21:14 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for pigeons to increase adult survival A study of a recently-released pink pigeon Nesoenas mayeri population on Mauritius found that fewer than half the birds used supplementary food, and appeared to survive without it. However, a later study of the population found that almost all birds were recorded using supplementary feeders. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F549https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F549Sun, 16 Sep 2012 09:24:17 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary food for woodpeckers to increase adult survival One replicated, controlled study from the USA found that 12 female downy woodpeckers Picoides pubescens supplied with supplementary food had higher nutritional statuses than unfed birds. However, two analyses of a replicated, controlled study of 378 downy woodpeckers from the USA found that they did not have higher survival rates or nutritional statuses than unfed birds. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F551https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F551Sun, 16 Sep 2012 09:42:41 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Can supplementary feeding increase predation or parasitism? A replicated, controlled study in the USA found that providing seeds in predictable areas did not increase predation on seven species of songbird. A replicated and controlled trial in Spain found higher levels of potentially dangerous gut microflora when fed on livestock carrion, compared to those fed on wild rabbits. A replicated study in Spain found higher levels of predation on artificial nests close to carcasses provided for vultures. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F554https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F554Sat, 22 Sep 2012 20:37:07 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Place feeders close to windows to reduce collisionsA randomised, replicated and controlled experiment in the USA found that placing bird feeders close to windows reduced the number of collisions with the windows and the number of fatal collisions. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F557https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F557Sun, 23 Sep 2012 15:13:35 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide supplementary water to increase survival or reproductive successA controlled study in Morocco found that water supplemented northern bald ibis Geronticus eremite pairs had significantly higher reproductive success than those far from water sources. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F558https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F558Sun, 23 Sep 2012 15:16:43 +0100