Water primrose: Chemical control using herbicides

Overall effectiveness category Likely to be beneficial
Number of studies: 3
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How is the evidence assessed?

Effectiveness

80%
Certainty

60%
Harms

not assessed

Calculating overall effectiveness category

Background information and definitions

Application of chemical herbicides may offer a tool for management of water primrose Ludwigia spp. provided regulatory approvals are in place. For example, glyphosate has been reported to have successfully eradicated water primrose Ludwigia spp. at three UK sites (Renals 2010).

Adjuvants are agents that can modify the effect of chemical herbicides, thereby increasing their effectiveness. It has been reported that there is a synergistic benefit of applying an adjuvant such as TopFilm alongside glyphosate. It is reported that the combined use of herbicide and adjuvant has eradicated various small stands of large-flower primrose-willow (Newman 2008). A review also references the potential for synergistic application of glyphosate and TopFilm, reporting the most effective application rates to be 2.28 kg of glyphosate and one litre/ hectare of TopFilm, and reporting June and July to be the best time for application (Plant Protection Service at al. 2011).

Renals, T. (2010) Ludwigia Eradication: A Rough Model for the Future. Proceedings of the 42^nd Robson Meeting, CEH, Wallingford, UK. 1pp.

Newman J R (2008). Aquatic Weed Control. Proceedings of the 40th Robson Meeting. CEH, Wallingford, UK. 1pp.

Plant Protection Service, Plant Research International Wageningen UR, Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group & Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Wallingford (2011) EUPHRESCO DeCLAIM Final report A State of the art June 2011. Ludwigia grandiflora (Michx.) Greuter & Burdet. 63pp.

Study locations

Key messages

A controlled, replicated laboratory study in the USA found that the herbicide triclopyr TEA applied at concentrations of 0.25% killed 100% of young cultivated water primrose within two months.
A before-and-after field study in the UK found that the herbicide glyphosate controlled water primrose, causing 97% mortality when mixed with a non-oil based sticking agent and 100% mortality when combined with TopFilm.
A controlled, replicated, randomized study in Venezuela³, found that use of the herbicide halosulfuron-methyl (Sempra) resulted in a significant reduction in water primrose coverage without apparent toxicity to rice plants.

About key messages

Key messages provide a descriptive index to studies we have found that test this intervention.

Studies are not directly comparable or of equal value. When making decisions based on this evidence, you should consider factors such as study size, study design, reported metrics and relevance of the study to your situation, rather than simply counting the number of studies that support a particular interpretation.

Supporting evidence from individual studies

A controlled, replicated laboratory study conducted in 2007 in the USA (Champion et al. 2008) found that the herbicide triclopyr TEA (triethylamine) stopped the growth of young cultivated creeping water primrose Ludwigia peploides in comparison to untreated plants. Plants stopped growing and were damaged at concentrations of 0.25% by volume and above. Within two months, 0.25 % triclopyr TEA killed 100 % of treated creeping water primrose. Creeping water primrose seedlings were collected from the wild and cultivated in glasshouses. The plants were grown in water-filled 40 litre tubs containing a bed of sand for at least two months. Herbicide was applied to run off at between 0.25% and 5.00% concentration by volume. Ten plants were tested at each concentration and monitored regularly for signs of herbicide damage. Ten plants were left untreated as controls.
Study and other actions tested
Referenced paper
Champion P.D., James T.K. & Carney E.C. (2008) Evaluation of Triclopyr triethylamine for the control of wetland weeds. New Zealand Plant Protection, 61, 374-377.
A before-and-after field study conducted from 2006 to 2007 in the UK (Centre for Ecology and Hydrology 2007) found that the herbicide glyphosate combined with a non-oil soya sticking agent, reduced the abundance of creeping water primrose Ludwigia peploides. After 56 days, the biomass of creeping water primrose was reduced by over 97% compared with the biomass before treatment. When glyphosate was combined with TopFilm, it reportedly killed the plant. A solution of 360g/litre of glyphosate (Roundup Pro Biactive) was applied at a rate of 6 litres/ha and the non-oil soya sticking agent was applied at a rate of 450 ml/ha. Further details of the experimental treatments, such as area treated, are not provided.
Study and other actions tested
Referenced paper
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology . (2007) Development of eradication strategies for Ludwigia species. DEFRA report, Defra project code PH0422, 8pp.
A controlled, replicated, randomized study at the National Institute for Agricultural Research, Venezuela (Suárez et al. 2004) found that use of the herbicide halosulfuron-methyl (Sempra) resulted in a significant reduction in water primrose Ludwigia spp. coverage without apparent toxicity to rice plants. Treatment of 60 g active ingredient/ha produced the highest percentage control, with average reduction in water primrose coverage of 80%. The trial was conducted in a randomized block design with five treatments and four repetitions. Treatments were undertaken in experimental plots marked with fixed 0.25m²metal frames. Sempra, formulated as water dispersible granules at a concentration of 75% halosulfuron-methyl by weight, was applied to rice crops 26 days after sowing at the following range of doses 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 g active ingredient/ha. The herbicide was applied with a manual sprayer. Weed coverage and rice crop quality were then evaluated.
Study and other actions tested
Referenced paper
Suárez L., Anzalone A. & Moreno O. (2004) Evaluation of halosulfuron-methyl herbicide for weed control in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Bioagro, 16, 173-182.

Please cite as:

Aldridge, D., Ockendon, N., Rocha, R., Smith, R.K. & Sutherland, W.J. (2020) Some Aspects of Control of Freshwater Invasive Species. Pages 555-87 in: W.J. Sutherland, L.V. Dicks, S.O. Petrovan & R.K. Smith (eds) What Works in Conservation 2020. Open Book Publishers, Cambridge, UK.

Where has this evidence come from?

List of journals searched by synopsis

All the journals searched for all synopses

This Action forms part of the Action Synopsis:

Control of Freshwater Invasive Species

Related Actions

Actions	Effectiveness	Studies	Category
Water primrose: Use of mats placed on the bottom of the water body Action Link	No evidence found (no assessment)	0	Synopsis Link
Water primrose: Combination treatment using herbicides and physical removal Action Link	Likely to be beneficial	2	Synopsis Link
Water primrose: Environmental control (e.g shading, altered flow, altered rooting depth, or dredging) Action Link	No evidence found (no assessment)	0	Synopsis Link